“…Abnormal dental occlusion is one of the potential causes of TMJOA, which includes severe malocclusion and skeletal jaw asymmetry. Thus, the TMJOA models can be built by disordered occlusion, which is the TMJ-specific model-building approach, including orthodontic tooth movement ( Wang Q. Y. et al, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2013 ), unilateral anterior crossbite ( Wang Y. L. et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Liu J. et al, 2020 ), unilateral bite-raise ( Long et al, 2019 ; Ou et al, 2021 ), mandibular movement restriction ( Teramoto et al, 2003 ; Li et al, 2013 ), mandibular advancement ( Yang et al, 2020 ; Li Y. et al, 2021 ), and mandibular lateral deviation ( Zhao et al, 2010 ; Zou et al, 2022 ). Injury to the TMJ can be caused by indirect force to the mandible, which may lead to local pain, dislocation, or fracture, even TMJOA.…”