“…It is possible that neural responses to stress in the absence of healthy attachment were evident in behaviors and states that may have been mistakenly attributed to personality or temperament. For example, adolescents who develop substance abuse disorders have been noted to have early and persistent behavior problems (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992;Peleg-Oren & Teichman, 2006). Upon further consideration, the reported symptoms of withdrawn behavior, irritability, temper tantrums, poor impulse control, and aggression may be markers of emotional dysregulation that have more to do with parenting practices and exposure to conflict and stress than to temperament or personality (Elkins et al, 2004;Tarter et al, 2003).…”