Young men's awareness, attitudes and practice of testicular self-examination: A Health Action Process Approach

Abstract

One-hundred-and-one Australian university students aged 18-25 years, with a mean age of 22. 9 years (SD = 1.62) completed a survey assessing testicular self-examination, and knowledge of testicular cancer, d statistically significant difference was found in knowledge scores between performers and non-performers. The factors influencing performance of testicular self-examination were examined using Schwarzer's (1992) Health Action Process Approach as the theoretical framework. Results showed that the majority of men were uninformed or misinformed about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Eighty-three per cent of respondents did not perform testicular selfexamination once per month as recommended. Intention, outcome expectancies and selfefficacy were the best predictors of testicular self-examination performance. Findings provided some support for the Health Action Process Approach.

Motivation and Participation in a Phase III Cardiac Rehabilitation Programme: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach

“…Studies on physical exercise confirm the assumptions of the HAPA (Lippke, Ziegelmann, and Schwarzer 2004;Lippke, Ziegelmann, and Schwarzer 2005;Schwarzer, Schuz, Ziegelmann, et al 2007; and various other health behaviours (Barling and Lehmann 1999;Garcia and Mann 2003;Luszczynska and Schwarzer 2003;Renner, Kwon, Yang, et al 2008;Renner and Schwarzer 2005;Satow and Schwarzer 1997;Schuz, Sniehotta, Mallach, et al 2009;Schwarzer and Renner 2000;Schwarzer, Schuz, Ziegelmann, et al 2007; for a review see also Schwarzer 2008): First, health behaviour change is a dynamic process in which individuals pass through motivational and preactional stages in order to enter and remain in the actional stage. Second, each stage is characterised by a certain mindset.…”

“…The second factor is positive outcome expectancies (Garcia and Mann 2003;Lippke, Ziegelmann, and Schwarzer 2004;Luszczynska and Schwarzer 2003;Renner and Schwarzer 2005;Satow and Schwarzer 1997;Schwarzer 2008;Schwarzer and Renner 2000;Schwarzer, Schuz, Ziegelmann, et al 2007;. Finally, self-efficacy (i.e., the belief in one's capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action required to attain behavioural goals (Bandura 1997)) is needed (Barling and Lehmann 1999;Garcia and Mann 2003;Lippke, Ziegelmann, and Schwarzer 2004;Lippke, Ziegelmann, and Schwarzer 2005;Luszczynska and Schwarzer 2003;Renner and Schwarzer 2005;Satow and Schwarzer 1997;Schwarzer 2008;Schwarzer and Renner 2000;Schwarzer, Schuz, Ziegelmann, et al 2007;. For example, the more a patient perceives himself or herself to be at risk for reinfarction, the more positive outcomes he or she expects from participation in a phase III CR programme, and the stronger he or she believes in his or her ability to participate in such a programme, the stronger his or her intention to adopt it.…”

Poziom wiedzy mężczyzn na temat raka jądra

“…Niemniej jednak, odnosząc się do dostępnych danych [5][6][7], wyraźnie daje się zauważyć deficyt wiedzy w omawiatabela 1. Zagrożenie rakiem jądra w zależności od wieku w opinii badanych mężczyzn [4] nym zakresie wśród mężczyzn i to nie tylko w Polsce, ale i na całym świecie.…”

“…I również tutaj uzyskane wyniki wskazały na jej znaczny deficyt [6]. Nie inaczej prezentowały się wnioski zawarte w podsumowaniu badań sondażowych, przeprowadzonych w Ameryce Północnej, które wykazały, że wiedza tamtejszych młodych mężczyzn na temat raka jądra również była ograniczona [5,7]. Obserwowane tendencje światowe w zakresie wiedzy mężczyzn na temat raka jądra potwierdzają również prezentowane w niniejszym opracowaniu wyniki badań, z których można dodatkowo wywnioskować, że wiedza badanej grupy mężczyzn jest co prawda niska, ale kształtuje się powyżej ich własnej oceny.…”

The effect of implementation intentions on testicular self-examination using a demonstration video

“…Testicular cancer is a leading cause of death in young men next to accidents and suicide (Barling & Lehmann, 1999). It is the most common cancer in 15-to 44-yearold men and has a 5-year mortality-rate of 5% with an incidence rate of 6.6 per 100,000 males (Cancer Research UK, 2011).…”