Young’s modulus measurement of two-photon polymerized micro-cantilevers by using nanoindentation equipment

Cicha, Klaus; Koch, Thomas; Torgersen, Jan; Li, Zhiquan; Liska, Robert; Stampfl, Jürgen

doi:10.1063/1.4764330

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…discovered dye molecules which can be used as photoinitiators in resolution augmentation through photoinduced deactivation lithography . Moreover, the polymers used for TPP were characterized in the sense of Young's modulus using the nanoindentation technique . A large contribution to the field of TPP was made by Wegener et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Žukauskas

Matulaitienė

Paipulas

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

142

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We report a study of the determination of polymer cross-linking, namely the degree of conversion and refractive index of the microstructures created by two-photon polymerization (TPP). The influence of TPP processing parameters such as laser intensity and scanning velocity is investigated. The degree of conversion is analyzed via Raman microspectroscopy and the refractive index is measured with the interferometric technique employing a Michelson interferometer. Moreover, the relationship between these two properties is revealed and details are discussed. The largest refractive index change that we have obtained is of the order of 10 −2 . Finally, we propose and demonstrate experimentally the realization of the gradientindex (GRIN) structure, resulting from a laser-induced local refractive index modification due to monomer cross-linking, i.e. degree of conversion. This work implies that the TPP technique is a valuable tool for the fabrication of GRIN microoptics for (in)homogeneous molding of light flow at the micrometer scale.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Žukauskas

Matulaitienė

Paipulas

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

142

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“…25,26 The concentration was 6.3Â10 À6 mol PI per g formulation (0.2 wt%). We performed a screening as described previously, 25 where we structured simple 50Â50 mm 2 lattice structures.…”

Section: Structuring Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,26 They facilitate a broad process window and low sensibility to laser power fluctuations caused by inertia problems of the experimental setup. M 2 CMK in ETA-TTA formulation not only facilitates a broad process window but enables precise microfabrication at the highest process speeds ever reported in 2PP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Photoinitiators for Two-Photon Polymerization

Torgersen¹

2014

Photocured Materials

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Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a versatile laser fabrication technique that allows the creation of 3D structures at micro- and nanometer precision. The structures are created additively in direct accordance to a computer-aided design. It requires tightly focused fs-pulsed light sources usually operating in the near infrared wavelength range. Despite its versatility and 3D capabilities, the low process speeds achievable has prevented the technology from its broader use in various applications. Optimizing the photopolymerizable formulations is key for increasing the writing speed and the process window making 2PP more economic and easy to use. This chapter gives an insight into optimizing photoinitiators for absorption of two photons and radical formation for subsequent photopolymerization. In particular, one compound is presented that can facilitate writing speeds above 150 mm s−1 and laser powers as low as 110 mW. Remarkably, this compound has a lower two-photon activity than its counterpart with different central acceptors. This indicates that various properties other that the two-photon absorption cross section have to be addressed for facilitating efficient initiation in two-photon photopolymerization.

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“…Unless voxels are spaced extremely closely, the mechanical properties (e.g., the Young's modulus) of a structure fabricated with two-photon polymerization do not match those of the same material when cured conventionally [53][54][55][56]. This phenomenon has important ramifications for the chemical and physical properties of voxels.…”

Section: Photoresistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals of Two-Photon Fabrication

Fourkas

2016

Three-Dimensional Microfabrication Using Two-Photon Polymerization

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Young’s modulus measurement of two-photon polymerized micro-cantilevers by using nanoindentation equipment

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Efficient Photoinitiators for Two-Photon Polymerization

Fundamentals of Two-Photon Fabrication

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