“…These indices of language difficulty include word frequency, word length, and sentence length, in addition to the overall length of the mathematical item, which is unique to mathematics word problems. Elsewhere (see, e.g., Gómez, Kurz, & Jimenez-Silva, 2011), we have provided a practice-based guide for adapting mathematics word problems for ELLs taking into account these described challenges. Adapting by simplifying the language of the text does not distort nor dilute the content concepts (Echevarria, Vogt, & Short, 2008).…”