Zahlenfähigkeit und Zahlendisziplin in Nord- und Westdeutschland, 16.-18. Jahrhundert

Baten, Jörg; Crayen, Dorothee; Manzel, Kerstin

doi:10.1524/jbwg.2008.49.2.217

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Age heaping has been used a number of times recently to measure education levels (Mokyr, 1983;2008b;A'Hearn, Baten and Crayen, 2009;de Moor and van Zanden, 2008;Clark, 2007;Manzel, 2007;Baten, Crayen and Manzel, 2008, see also the applications in Cinnirella, 2008;Mironov, 2006;. It describes the phenomenon that people tend to round up or down their age, mostly in multiples of five, when asked how old they are.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The degree to which age heaping is influenced by schooling and the effect of other institutional factors is not easy to disentangle, although Crayen and Baten (2008) assessed this and found that schooling was more important than other factors such as bureaucracy and previous census-taking. We conclude…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method of approximating educational levels with age heaping behaviour certainly has its deficiencies in measuring human capital, as misreporting of ages may also have political or cultural reasons. The degree to which age heaping is influenced by schooling and the effect of other institutional factors is not easy to disentangle, although Crayen and Baten (2008) assessed this and found that schooling was more important than other factors such as bureaucracy and previous census-taking. We conclude 1 100 400 100 100 ( ) ; if else e ABCC = 100 10 We decided to exclude Paraguay from an analysis, as data from the censuses of 1962 and 1972 published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks not only differed considerably in their heaping behavior, but also gave completely different total population figures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Manzel

Baten

2009

RHE / JILAEH

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This article outlines the development of gender disparities in education for 28 Latin American and Caribbean countries for the period from 1880 to 1949, using age heaping techniques. We explore in particular the hypothesis of a Ushaped development of women's education during economic development, i.e., a decrease in gender equality at lower levels of overall education, and increasing gender equality at higher levels. For the downward sloping part, we find some evidence, although this part is relatively small. The upward sloping part is strongly confirmed. We also find that non-Hispanic Caribbean countries had substantially lower gender inequality rates than Latin American countries. A second major contribution is to document the development of average numerical abilities (of both genders) in these 28 countries.Keywords: human capital, age heaping, education, gender inequality, numeracy, Latin America JEL Classification: I21, N36, 015 RESUMENEn este artículo se estudian las disparidades de género en numeracy para veintiocho países de América Latina y el Caribe en el período de 1880 a 1949. Con este propósito, el trabajo explora el alcance del denominado «age heaping», el cual suministra una valiosa información sobre la tendencia de las personas a redondear su edad lo cual, indirectamente, proporciona información sobre los cambios en el nivel educativo de un país en el largo plazo. En particular investigamos la hipótesis de un desarrollo en forma «U», es decir, el incremento de las disparidades de género para niveles de educación bajos y la reducción de estas disparidades para niveles de desarrollo más altos. En este sentido, la parte superior de la curva está plenamente confirmada, sin embargo, en la parte inferior con una trayectoria relativamente pequeña, encontramos sólo débiles evidencias.A partir de esta nueva línea de investigación, los resultados del estudio evidencian que por un lado, los países del Caribe no hispánicos tuvieron tasas de desigualdad educativa sustancialmente más bajas que los países latinoamericanos y, por el otro, que la totalidad de los veintiocho países de la muestra ofrecen un incremento en la media de las «habilidades numéri-cas» para ambos sexos en el período.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Manzel

Baten

2009

RHE / JILAEH

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“…6 6 A'Hearn, Baten, and Crayen, ‘Quantifying quantitative literacy’; Baten, Crayen, and Manzel, ‘Zahlendisziplin’; De Moor and van Zanden, ‘ “Leeftijdstapelen” ’; Clark, Farewell to alms , pp. 175–81; Crayen and Baten,‘Global trends in numeracy’; Manzel and Baten, ‘Gender equality’; Cinnirella, ‘Nutritional status’; Mironov, ‘Novaya istoricheskaya demografia’; Ó Gráda, ‘Dublin Jewish demography’. …”

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confidence: 99%

Convergence and divergence of numeracy: the development of age heaping in Latin America from the seventeenth to the twentieth century¹

Manzel

Baten

Stolz

2011

The Economic History Review

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This study makes the first systematic attempt to trace the long‐term development of Latin American numeracy, a phenomenon of great interest to economic historians in that it serves as an accurate gauge of human capital development. In order to approximate basic numeracy we use age‐heaping techniques. We find that Latin America was on a path of convergence with western Europe during the early eighteenth century. During the early nineteenth century, not only did numeracy development stagnate in some Latin American countries but differences among some of them actually increased. While numeracy rates in Argentina, Uruguay, and to a lesser extent Brazil, along with Europe, underwent a significant increase in the late nineteenth century, they declined in Mexico, Ecuador, and Colombia. By performing a regression analysis, we find that, even when we control for investment in education, mass immigration contributed to human capital formation.

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“…Since 1922, ethnic German immigrants to this region were subsumed under the term ‘Danube Swabians’ ( Donauschwaben ). Sources : Germany: A’Hearn et al., ‘Quantifying quantitative literacy’; Baten, Crayen, and Manzel, ‘Zahlenfähigkeit und Zahlendisziplin’. ‘Danube Swabians’: unpublished data provided by Zoltán Csapo.…”

Section: Historical Background and Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age heaping and numeracy: looking behind the curtain

Blum¹,

Krauss

2017

The Economic History Review

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Age-heaping-based numeracy indicators have served as valuable tools to derive basic human capital estimates, especially for periods where other indicators are unavailable. However, the accuracy of individual age statements usually remains unknown, and due to the lack of precise information it can only be assumed that excessive occurrence of multiples of five in age distributions reflects inferior numerical skills. This article addresses this lacuna by identifying 162 individuals in two independent data sources: self-reported age statements and independently kept records which are based on family heritage books and church registers. This method makes it possible to identify individual misreporting and the degree of accuracy of each individual. Findings show that not everyone who reported a multiple of five was reporting an incorrect age, nor was it the case that everyone who reported an age that was not a multiple of five was reporting an accurate age. The empirical analysis shows that the commonly used binary numeracy indicator is correlated with the observed degree of accuracy in age statements, and that a more sophisticated occupational background reduces this inaccuracy. These results tentatively suggest that the commonly used binary indicator measuring age heaping is a valuable proxy for numerical skills and occupational background in a population.

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Zahlenfähigkeit und Zahlendisziplin in Nord- und Westdeutschland, 16.-18. Jahrhundert

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Convergence and divergence of numeracy: the development of age heaping in Latin America from the seventeenth to the twentieth century¹

Age heaping and numeracy: looking behind the curtain

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Zahlenfähigkeit und Zahlendisziplin in Nord- und Westdeutschland, 16.-18. Jahrhundert

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1880–1949

Convergence and divergence of numeracy: the development of age heaping in Latin America from the seventeenth to the twentieth century1

Age heaping and numeracy: looking behind the curtain

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Convergence and divergence of numeracy: the development of age heaping in Latin America from the seventeenth to the twentieth century¹