Zebra-borne neurotropic equid herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in a Thomson’s gazelle (<i>Eudorcas thomsonii</i>)

Sakaguchi, Kanako; Kim, Kenneth S.; Langohr, Ingeborg M.; Wise, Annabel G.; Maes, Roger K.; Pirie, Gordon J.; Yanai, Tokuma; Haridy, Mohie; Gaschen, Lorrie; Piero, Fábio Del

doi:10.1177/1040638717707000

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…1,11,16,45,46,53 The lesions in these non-equid species are generally characterized as an encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, with neuronal necrosis and neuronal infection, and without evidence of endothelial tropism. 11,45,46,53 Thus, the lesions caused by EHV-1 or EHV-9 in non-equid species are very similar to A4/72 and A9/92 EHV-1 infection in mice, and similar changes were also described in the hamster model. 12,33 Therefore, the model presented here might also be useful in aiding to understand the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection in non-equid species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 Besides horses, EHV-1 has also been implicated as a cause of fatal meningoencephalitis with neuronal necrosis in other nonequid species, such as black bears, Thomson's gazelles, and others. 1,16,45,53 Several studies have developed mouse models of EHV-1 infection. 4,5,18 However, some of these EHV-1 strains have a strong tropism for the respiratory system, and few studies have demonstrated fatal CNS infection induced by EHV-1 in adult mice when inoculated intranasally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 Besides horses, EHV-1 has also been implicated as a cause of fatal meningoencephalitis with neuronal necrosis in other non-equid species, such as black bears, Thomson’s gazelles, and others. 1,16,45,53…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice

et al. 2021

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Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes myeloencephalopathy in horses and occasionally in non-equid species. Although mouse models have been developed to understand EHV-1 pathogenesis, few EHV-1 strains have been identified as highly neurovirulent to mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of 2 neurovirulent EHV-1 strains in mice, and to characterize the inflammatory cells and expression of chemokines and the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the brain of infected mice. C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intranasally with EHV-1 strains A4/72 or A9/92 and evaluated on 1, 2, and 3 days post inoculation (DPI). EHV-1-infected mice showed severe neurological signs at 3 DPI. Ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous viral nucleocapsids and fewer enveloped virions within degenerated and necrotic neurons and in the surrounding neuropil. Histologically, at 3 DPI, there was severe diffuse neuronal degeneration and liquefactive necrosis, prominent microgliosis, and perivascular cuffing composed of CD3+ cells (T cells) and Iba-1+ cells (macrophages), mainly in the olfactory bulb and ventral portions of the brain. In these areas, moderate numbers of neuroglial cells expressed CCL5 and CCL2 chemokines. Numerous neurons, including those in less affected areas, were immunolabeled for cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, neurovirulent EHV-1 strains induced a fulminant necrotizing lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis in mice, with microgliosis and expression of chemokines and caspase-3. This model will be useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the extensive neuropathology induced by these viral infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice

et al. 2021

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“…17,24 It is noteworthy that vascular lesions were not evident in the brain of animals naturally infected with EHV-9 5,42 and zebra-borne EHV-1. 33…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissue sections from hamsters with confirmed EHV-9 infection and sera from a nonimmunized rabbit and goat were used as controls. Since there is a serological cross-reaction between EHV-1 and EHV-9, 8,33 rabbit polyclonal antiserum against EHV-9 was used as a primary antibody for the detection of EHV-1 antigen on the sections obtained from animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p and zebra-borne EHV-1.…”

Section: Necropsy Examination Histopathology and Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen in the Brain of Hamsters Infected With Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 Strain Ab4p, and Zebra-Borne EHV-1

et al. 2019

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Encephalitis in hamsters, which was induced by equine herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1, was investigated and compared to assess viral kinetics and identify the progression and severity of neuropathological findings. Hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 via the nasal route and euthanized at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours postinoculation (HPI). The inoculated hamsters had mild to severe neurological signs at 60 to 72, 96, and 120 HPI, and the mortality rate was 75%, 0%, and 0% for animals inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 viruses, respectively. Inoculated hamsters had varying degrees of rhinitis and lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, as well as differences in the severity and distribution of cerebral lesions. Furthermore, the cellular distribution of viral antigen depended on the inoculated virus. Neuronal necrosis was widely detected in animals inoculated with EHV-9, while marked perivascular cuffs of infiltrating inflammatory cells and gliosis were detected in animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p and zebra-borne EHV-1. In the present study, 3 viruses belonging to the herpesvirus family induced encephalitis after initial propagation in the nasal cavity. These viruses might travel to the brain via the olfactory pathway and/or trigeminal nerve, showing different distributions and severities of neuropathological changes.

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Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus‐1

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66–100%) or not (0–33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33–66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33–90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV‐1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1–5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10–66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66–90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33–90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV‐1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae.

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Zebra-borne neurotropic equid herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in a Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii)

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice

Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice

Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen in the Brain of Hamsters Infected With Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 Strain Ab4p, and Zebra-Borne EHV-1

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus‐1

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