For many years nest building in birds has been considered a remarkable behaviour. Perhaps just as remarkable is the public and scholarly consensus that bird nests are achieved by instinct alone. Here we take the opportunity to review nearly 150 years of observational and experimental data on avian nest building. As a result we find that instinct alone is insufficient to explain the data: birds use information they gather themselves and from other individuals to make nest-building decisions. Importantly, these data confirm that learning plays a significant role in a variety of nest-building decisions. We outline, then, the multiplicity of ways in which learning (e.g., imprinting, associative learning, social learning) might act to affect nest building and how these might help to explain the diversity both of nest-building behaviour and in the resulting structure. As a consequence, we contend that nest building is a much under-investigated behaviour that holds promise both for determining a variety of roles for learning in that behaviour as well as a new model system for examining brain-behaviour relationships.
Keywords: nest building, learning, cognition, comparative cognition, birds
IntroductionThe notion that learning might be involved in nest building was not lost on inquiring minds in the 19th century, including that of Alfred Russell Wallace . He may have been the first to argue that nest building in birds was not due entirely to instinct: "[t]his point [. . .] is always assumed without proof, and even against proof, for what facts there are, are opposed to it" (Wallace, 1867). Ironically, despite the passing of nearly 150 years, Wallace's statement is as relevant today with regard to both the popular and scientific opinion as it was in his time. Indeed, at present nest building in birds is a behaviour considered to reflect nothing more than genes (Bluff, Weir, Rutz, Wimpenny, & Kacelnik, 2007;Hansell & Ruxton, 2008;Raby & Clayton, 2009;Seed & Byrne, 2010;Zentall, 2006). This view, however, continues to be based largely on untested assumptions, as there are very few data on how birds 'know' what type of nest to build.Helpfully, there are other aspects of birds' nest building that are quite well described. Indeed, several excellent bodies of work provide a broad overview and thorough discussion of this key component of avian reproductive biology (e.g., Collias & Collias, 1984;Deeming & Reynolds, 2015;Hansell, 2000). In brief, there are considerable data on the inter-and intraspecific variation in nest-site selection, composition, morphology, and building techniques. This wealth of data reveal an abundance of diversity in all these features of building: (a) birds build nests in an extraordinary range of different sites (Hansell, 2000); (b) where the individual builders of most species are known, nest building is not necessarily restricted to one of the sexes and contribution by one or both partners varies considerably from species to species (Collias & Collias, 1984;Hansell, 2000); and (c) nest material compos...