Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012

Marchi, Serena; Viviani, Simonetta; Montomoli, Emanuele; Tang, Yuxiao; Boccuto, Adele; Vicenti, Ilaria; Zazzi, Maurizio; Sow, Samba O.; Diallo, Aldiouma; Idoko, Olubukola T.; Bhat, Niranjan; Trombetta, Claudia Maria

doi:10.3390/v12060641

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In addition, ZIKV was first isolated from a febrile rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest near Entebbe, Uganda in 1947 (61,62). Since that time, serologic and molecular (RNA or virus isolation) evidence of continued circulation in Africa has been intermittently reported in humans, animals, and mosquitoes (63)(64)(65)(66)(67). Prior to a report from Guinea-Bissau from 2016, during which an outbreak and subsequent identification of infant microcephaly cases was attributed to an African lineage virus, there were no reports of ZIKV impacting pregnancies and infant development in Africa (63,68).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to a report from Guinea-Bissau from 2016, during which an outbreak and subsequent identification of infant microcephaly cases was attributed to an African lineage virus, there were no reports of ZIKV impacting pregnancies and infant development in Africa (63,68). This has led to a number of hypotheses as to why, which includes, but is not limited to the following: widespread immunity in populations of childbearing age due to infection earlier in life; masking of ZIKV-associated adverse outcomes due to a high number of other, co-circulating pathogens in many populations, such as malaria; or embryonic loss during very early pregnancy simply unrecognized due to unknown status or inconsistent access to prenatal care (63,64,69). The data generated in this work supports the latter hypothesis of early loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Embryonic Loss Following Intravaginal Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques

et al. 2021

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes; however, ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. During the initial epidemic and in places where ZIKV is now considered endemic, it is difficult to disentangle the risks and contributions of sexual versus vector-borne transmission to adverse pregnancy outcomes. To examine the potential impact of sexual transmission of ZIKV on pregnancy outcome, we challenged three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) three times intravaginally with 1 x 107 PFU of a low passage, African lineage ZIKV isolate (ZIKV-DAK) in the first trimester (~30 days gestational age). Samples were collected from all animals initially on days 3 through 10 post challenge, followed by twice, and then once weekly sample collection; ultrasound examinations were performed every 3-4 days then weekly as pregnancies progressed. All three dams had ZIKV RNA detectable in plasma on day 3 post-ZIKV challenge. At approximately 45 days gestation (17-18 days post-challenge), two of the three dams were found with nonviable embryos by ultrasound. Viral RNA was detected in recovered tissues and at the maternal-fetal interface (MFI) in both cases. The remaining viable pregnancy proceeded to near term (~155 days gestational age) and ZIKV RNA was detected at the MFI but not in fetal tissues. These results suggest that sexual transmission of ZIKV may represent an underappreciated risk of pregnancy loss during early gestation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Embryonic Loss Following Intravaginal Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques

et al. 2021

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“…The low ZIKV seroprevalence three years after infection is in line with previous studies, in which it was shown that nAbs and NS1 antibodies against ZIKV decline rapidly, and indicate that ZIKV serology in flavivirus endemic populations is very challenging several years after the initial infection [ 11 , 12 ]. This could possibly in part explain why the reported ZIKV seroprevalence in regions in Africa and Asia, where ZIKV has already been circulating for many years, is low [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. One possible solution to increase the sensitivity of ZIKV serological assays in populations that did not recently suffer from a ZIKV outbreak is to set a lower cut-off for a positive test result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus Antibody Titers Three Years after Confirmed Infection

Langerak¹,

Kasbergen²,

Chandler³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Background: In 2015–2016, a large Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak occurred in the Americas. Although the exact ZIKV antibody kinetics after infection are unknown, recent evidence indicates the rapid waning of ZIKV antibodies in humans. Therefore, we aimed to determine the levels of ZIKV antibodies more than three years after a ZIKV infection. Methods: We performed ZIKV virus neutralization tests (VNT) and a commercial ZIKV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) IgG ELISA in a cohort of 49 participants from Suriname who had a polymerase-chain-reaction-confirmed ZIKV infection more than three years ago. Furthermore, we determined the presence of antibodies against multiple dengue virus (DENV) antigens. Results: The ZIKV seroprevalence in this cohort, assessed with ZIKV VNT and ZIKV NS1 IgG ELISA, was 59.2% and 63.3%, respectively. There was, however, no correlation between these two tests. Furthermore, we did not find evidence of a potential negative influence of DENV immunity on ZIKV antibody titers. Conclusions: ZIKV seroprevalence, assessed with two commonly used serological tests, was lower than expected in this cohort of participants who had a confirmed previous ZIKV infection. This can have implications for future ZIKV seroprevalence studies and possibly for the duration of immunological protection after a ZIKV infection.

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“…From 574 samples collected in 2013 in Kenya, five had confirmed positive IgM for ZIKV [24]. A seroprevalence study conducted between 2007 and 2012 in Senegal, Mali and Gambia, estimated a seroprevalence around 20-22% [25]. Altogether, these data confirm that ZIKV has been circulating for a long time in Africa, but for unknown reasons, has never been responsible for any large outbreak in this continent.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 75%

Zika Virus

et al. 2020

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Zika virus (ZIKV), a neurotropic single-stranded RNA flavivirus, remains an important cause of congenital infection, fetal microcephaly, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in populations where ZIKV has adapted to a nexus involving the Aedes mosquitoes and humans. To date, outbreaks of ZIKV have occurred in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that the virus also has the potential to cause infections in Europe, where autochtonous transmission of the virus has been identified. This review focuses on evolving ZIKV epidemiology, modes of transmission and host-virus interactions. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic issues relating to cross-reactivity to the dengue flavivirus and concerns surrounding ZIKV infection in pregnancy are discussed. In the last section, current challenges in treatment and prevention are outlined.

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Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Early Embryonic Loss Following Intravaginal Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques

Early Embryonic Loss Following Intravaginal Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques

Zika Virus Antibody Titers Three Years after Confirmed Infection

Zika Virus

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