Zinc accelerator complexes.

Nieuwenhuizen, P. J.

doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00613-x

Cited by 97 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The improvement of curative dispersion, especially zinc oxide, in the elastomer could also contribute to a reduction of rubber compound vulcanization times and an increase of crosslink density. Moreover, as postulated for stearic acid, ILs can improve the solubility of the active sulfurating agent that is formed during vulcanization process in the elastomer [29]. As a result, the crosslinking rate and degree increase.…”

Section: Curing Characteristics and The Crosslink Density Of Sbr Vulcmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to the commonly reported vulcanization mechanism, accelerator particles, sulfur and fatty acids diffuse through the elastomer matrix and are adsorbed onto the surface of the vulcanization activator (zinc oxide), forming intermediate reactive complexes and the active sulfurating agent, which takes part in further crosslinking reactions. Due to the limited solubility of these complexes in the rubber, it is assumed that crosslinking reactions occur at the interface between the curatives and the rubber chains and can be catalyzed by the phase transfer catalysts [29]. As a result, the improvement in the crosslink density and mechanical properties of vulcanizates as well as the reduction of vulcanization time and temperature could be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic liquids as coagents for sulfur vulcanization of butadiene–styrene elastomer filled with carbon black

Maciejewska

Zaborski

2018

Polym. Bull.

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The aim of this work was to study the activity of several alkylimidazolium salts of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides to obtain a very fast vulcanization of the butadiene-styrene (SBR) elastomer. Ionic liquids (ILs) such as alkylimidazolium salts with ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, decyl-, dodecyl-, and hexadecyl chains in the cation together with nanosized zinc oxide are used to develop elastomer composites with very short vulcanization time and a reduced amount of vulcanization activator. In this article, we discuss the effect of the ILs with respect to the length of alkyl chain in their cation on the vulcanization kinetics of rubber compounds. The influence of ILs on the crosslink density as well as the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates and their resistance to thermo-oxidative and UV aging were also studied. ILs resulted in a shortened optimal vulcanization time and reduced the onset vulcanization temperature compared to zinc oxide containing rubber compound. This is very important from a technological point of view. A considerable increase in the crosslink density of vulcanizates was also observed.

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Section: Curing Characteristics and The Crosslink Density Of Sbr Vulcmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic liquids as coagents for sulfur vulcanization of butadiene–styrene elastomer filled with carbon black

Maciejewska

Zaborski

2018

Polym. Bull.

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“…Due to its wide band gap and large exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature, this oxide is very attractive for applications such as optoelectronic devices and for use as photodegradation material. Based on the characteristics mentioned and on other properties indicated and adequately described in the literature (Jagadish and Pearton 2011; Klingshirn et al 2010;Moezzi et al 2012;Morkoç and Ö zgür 2008), the technological uses of ZnO are extremely broad and diverse, standing out for its volume of use as a photoconductive ingredient (Blakeslee et al 1962), as an activator in the industrial vulcanization of rubber (Nieuwenhuizen 2001), and in pigments and coatings (Auer et al 1998), among others. Since ZnO is normally catalogued as a non-toxic material (Patnaik 2003), it is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lip products, mineral make-up bases, face powders, ointments, lotions, and hand creams (Nohynek et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and their antifungal activity against coffee fungus Erythricium salmonicolor

et al. 2017

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In this work, a methodology of synthesis was designed to obtain ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a controlled and reproducible manner. The nanoparticles obtained were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, we determined the antifungal capacity in vitro of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized, examining their action on Erythricium salmonicolor fungy causal of pink disease. To determine the effect of the quantity of zinc precursor used during ZnO NPs synthesis on the antifungal capacity, 0.1 and 0.15 M concentrations of zinc acetate were examined. To study the inactivation of the mycelial growth of the fungus, different concentrations of ZnO NPs of the two types of synthesized samples were used. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungus was determined by measuring the growth area as a function of time. The morphological change was observed with high-resolution optical microscopy (HROM), while TEM was used to observe changes in its ultrastructure. The results showed that a concentration of 9 mmol L -1 for the sample obtained from the 0.15 M and at 12 mmol L -1 for the 0.1 M system significantly inhibited growth of E. salmonicolor. In the HROM images a deformation was observed in the growth pattern: notable thinning of the fibers of the hyphae and a clumping tendency. The TEM images showed a liquefaction of the cytoplasmic content, making it less electron-dense, with the presence of a number of vacuoles and significant detachment of the cell wall.

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“…Particles of the accelerator, sulphur and fatty acids diffuse inside the elastomer and are adsorbed on the surface of zinc oxide to form complexes. Nieuwenhuizen [2] proposed a mechanism wherein the surface of zinc oxide participates in the reaction and is the medium of the reaction. Therefore, the dispersion of inorganic zinc oxide in an organic elastomer is the fundamental parameter affecting the curing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ionic liquids on the dispersion of zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles, vulcanisation behaviour and properties of NBR composites

Maciejewska¹,

Zaborski²

2014

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The aim of this work was to study the activity of several alkylpyrrolidinium, alkylpyridinium, alkylpiperidinium and benzylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) for the purpose of improving the dispersion degree of vulcanisation activator and filler nanoparticles in the acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer (NBR). The effect of the ionic liquids on the vulcanisation kinetics of the rubber compounds, crosslink density and mechanical properties of the vulcanisates and their resistance to thermo-oxidative and UV ageing was studied. The use of ionic liquids allowed for a homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the elastomer without detrimental effects on the vulcanisation process. The physical properties and the thermal stability of the obtained vulcanisates were significantly improved. Ionic liquids increased the crosslink density of the vulcanisates and their damping properties. Pirydinium and piperidinium hexafluorophosphates were most effective at increasing the crosslink density and improving the properties of NBR composites.

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Zinc accelerator complexes.

Cited by 97 publications

References 20 publications

Ionic liquids as coagents for sulfur vulcanization of butadiene–styrene elastomer filled with carbon black

Ionic liquids as coagents for sulfur vulcanization of butadiene–styrene elastomer filled with carbon black

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and their antifungal activity against coffee fungus Erythricium salmonicolor

Effect of ionic liquids on the dispersion of zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles, vulcanisation behaviour and properties of NBR composites

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