Although a key factor in Alzheimer's disease etiology is enrichment of Zn 2þ in aggregates, and there are data suggesting that zinc promotes aggregation, how Zn 2þ -Aβ coordination promotes aggregation is elusive. Here we probe the structures and mechanisms through which Zn 2þ can affect amyloidosis. By covalently linking fragments (that have experiment-based coordinates) we observed that, in oligomeric Zn 2þ -Aβ 42 , Zn 2þ can simultaneously coordinate intra-and intermolecularly, bridging two peptides. Zinc coordination significantly decreases the solvation energy for large Zn 2þ -Aβ 42 oligomers and thus enhances their aggregation tendency. Zn 2þ binding does not change the β-sheet association around the C-terminal hydrophobic region; however, it shifts the relative population of the preexisting amyloid polymorphic ensembles. As a result, although a parallel β-sheet arrangement is still preferred, antiparallel and other less structured assemblies are stabilized, also becoming major species. Overall, Zn 2þ coordination promotes Aβ 42 aggregation leading to less uniform structures. Our replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations further reproduced an experimental observation that the increasing Zn 2þ concentration could slow down the aggregation rate, even though the aggregation rates are still much higher than in Zn 2þ -free solution.conformational selection | energy landscape | metal ions | modeling amyloid assemblies | seed polymorphism A lzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in millions of people worldwide (1). This disease accounts for the majority of clinical senile dementia associated with the formation of senile plaques (2, 3). The primary constituent of the plaques is the aggregated Aβ 40 ∕Aβ 42 peptides in the brain; therefore, factors that influence the aggregation are of high interest.In vivo studies reported that Zn 2þ , Cu þ2 , and Fe þ3 are markedly enriched in Aβ plaques (4, 5), suggesting that these ions may act as seeding factors. Oligomerization of the Aβ peptides can be rapidly induced in the presence of Zn 2þ ions under physiological conditions (4, 6, 7). Noy et al. (8) have followed Zn 2þ ionenhanced Aβ aggregation. Studies suggested that H6, H13, and H14 at the N-terminal domain of Aβ coordinate with Zn 2þ (9-26). Solution NMR of Zn 2þ -Aβ 1-16 showed that Zn 2þ is bound to these three histidines and E11 (18). A recent NMR study of Zn 2þ -Aβ 1-28 proposed that Zn 2þ binds to H6, E11, H14, and D1 of rat Aβ 1-28 and to H6, E11, H13, H14, and D1 of human Aβ 1-28 (22). In addition, X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that Zn 2þ coordinates with four histidines, H13 and H14 of two adjacent monomers (23). Experimental structural data for Aβ 40 ∕Aβ 42 oligomers complexed with Zn 2þ are unavailable.Although it is believed that reducing zinc-induced Aβ aggregation can decrease toxicity (27), it was also postulated that zinc can lower Aβ toxicity by selectively precipitating aggregation intermediates (28). Key questions on the...