Zn2+ and l-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine β-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells

Mao, Xiangbing; Qi, Sharina; Yu, Bing; He, Jun; Yu, Jie; Chen, Shuai

doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2200-0

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Zinc supplementation also induces metallothioneins expression in Caco-2 cells (Wang et al, 2013), which might act as antioxidants because of their capacity to sequester reactive oxygen species and nitrogen intermediates (Waeytens et al, 2009). In addition, zinc increased the expression and concentration of antimicrobial substances like β-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells (Mao et al, 2013). Consequently, there appear to be a variety of mechanisms by which dietary zinc can reduce gut 'leakiness'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs

Fernández

Pearce

Gabler

et al. 2014

Animal

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Heat stress (HS) jeopardizes livestock health and productivity and both may in part be mediated by reduced intestinal integrity. Dietary zinc improves a variety of bowel diseases, which are characterized by increased intestinal permeability. Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) on intestinal integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs. Crossbred gilts (43 ± 6 kg BW) were ad libitum fed one of three diets: (1) control (ZnC; 120 ppm Zn as ZnSO 4 ; n = 13), (2) control + 100 ppm Zn as ZnAA (Zn220; containing a total of 220 ppm Zn; n = 14), and (3) control + 200 ppm Zn as ZnAA (Zn320; containing a total of 320 ppm Zn; n = 16). After 25 days on their respective diets, all pigs were exposed to constant HS conditions (36°C, ∼50% humidity) for either 1 or 7 days. At the end of the environmental exposure, pigs were euthanized and blood and intestinal tissues were harvested immediately after sacrifice. As expected, HS increased rectal temperature ( P ⩽ 0.01; 40.23°C v. 38.93°C) and respiratory rate ( P ⩽ 0.01; 113 v. 36 bpm). Pigs receiving ZnAA tended to have increased rectal temperature (P = 0.07; +0.27°C) compared with ZnC-fed pigs. HS markedly reduced feed intake (FI; P ⩽ 0.01; 59%) and caused BW loss (2.10 kg), but neither variable was affected by dietary treatment. Fresh intestinal segments were assessed ex vivo for intestinal integrity. As HS progressed from days 1 to 7, both ileal and colonic transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) decreased ( P ⩽ 0.05; 34% and 22%, respectively). This was mirrored by an increase in ileal and colonic permeability to the macromolecule dextran ( P ⩽ 0.01; 13-and 56-fold, respectively), and increased colonic lipopolysaccharide permeability ( P ⩽ 0.05; threefold) with time. There was a quadratic response ( P ⩽ 0.05) to increasing ZnAA on ileal TER, as it was improved ( P ⩽ 0.05; 56%) in Zn220-fed pigs compared with ZnC. This study demonstrates that HS progressively compromises the intestinal barrier and supplementing ZnAA at the appropriate dose can improve aspects of small intestinal integrity during severe HS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs

Fernández

Pearce

Gabler

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Notably, concentrations of isoleucine have a strong correlation with the excretion of β -defensin. 25 or 50 μg/mL isoleucine increases the mRNA and protein expressions of β -defensin 1, 2 and 3 in IPEC-J2 cells [101]. Also, treating patients with 250 μg of intratracheal L-isoleucine every 48 h is considered as a novel immunotherapy in tuberculosis as it induced a significant increase of β -defensins 3 and 4 associated with decreased bacillary loads and tissue damage [102].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review

Zhang

Zeng

Ren

et al. 2017

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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466

342

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It is widely known that branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are not only elementary components for building muscle tissue but also participate in increasing protein synthesis in animals and humans. BCAA (isoleucine, leucine and valine) regulate many key signaling pathways, the most classic of which is the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. This signaling pathway connects many diverse physiological and metabolic roles. Recent years have witnessed many striking developments in determining the novel functions of BCAA including: (1) Insufficient or excessive levels of BCAA in the diet enhances lipolysis. (2) BCAA, especially isoleucine, play a major role in enhancing glucose consumption and utilization by up-regulating intestinal and muscular glucose transporters. (3) Supplementation of leucine in the diet enhances meat quality in finishing pigs. (4) BCAA are beneficial for mammary health, milk quality and embryo growth. (5) BCAA enhance intestinal development, intestinal amino acid transportation and mucin production. (6) BCAA participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, abnormally elevated BCAA levels in the blood (decreased BCAA catabolism) are a good biomarker for the early detection of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review will provide some insights into these novel metabolic and physiological functions of BCAA.

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“…Several di- and monosaccharides such as lactose, trehalose, maltose, glucose, and galactose were revealed recently to stimulate LL-37 synthesis in human cells [16]. Essential amino acids including isoleucine and arginine are capable of enhancing HDP expression in humans, cattle, and pigs as well [17]–[20]. A trace mineral, namely zinc, has been found to augment HDP expressions in both human and porcine intestinal epithelial cells [20], [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Porcine Host Defense Peptide Gene Expression by Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Analogs

et al. 2013

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Dietary modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) represents a novel antimicrobial approach for disease control and prevention, particularly against antibiotic-resistant infections. However, HDP regulation by dietary compounds such as butyrate is species-dependent. To examine whether butyrate could induce HDP expression in pigs, we evaluated the expressions of a panel of porcine HDPs in IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells, 3D4/31 macrophages, and primary monocytes in response to sodium butyrate treatment by real-time PCR. We revealed that butyrate is a potent inducer of multiple, but not all, HDP genes. Porcine β-defensin 2 (pBD2), pBD3, epididymis protein 2 splicing variant C (pEP2C), and protegrins were induced markedly in response to butyrate, whereas pBD1 expression remained largely unaltered in any cell type. Additionally, a comparison of the HDP-inducing efficacy among saturated free fatty acids of different aliphatic chain lengths revealed that fatty acids containing 3–8 carbons showed an obvious induction of HDP expression in IPEC-J2 cells, with butyrate being the most potent and long-chain fatty acids having only a marginal effect. We further investigated a panel of butyrate analogs for their efficacy in HDP induction, and found glyceryl tributyrate, benzyl butyrate, and 4-phenylbutyrate to be comparable with butyrate. Identification of butyrate and several analogs with a strong capacity to induce HDP gene expression in pigs provides attractive candidates for further evaluation of their potential as novel alternatives to antibiotics in augmenting innate immunity and disease resistance of pigs.

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Zn2+ and l-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine β-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells

Cited by 39 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs

Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs

Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review

Induction of Porcine Host Defense Peptide Gene Expression by Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Analogs

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