The synchrotron radiation excited emission and excitation spectra are reported at temperatures of 298 and 10 K for YAlO 3 ͑YAP͒ doped with 1 at. % Nd 3+ or Er 3+. For both systems, no d-f emission is observed and these results are rationalized and compared with other hosts. For YAP: Nd 3+ , excitation into the 4f 2 5d electronic configuration of Nd 3+ gives intraconfigurational luminescence from 2 G͑2͒ 9/2 and 4 F 3/2 and there is no evidence for emission from other multiplet terms. Luminescence from 2 P 3/2 is observed for YAP: Er 3+ , with additional transitions from 4 S 3/2 , 4 F 9/2 , 4 I 9/2 , and 4 I 11/2. The emission spectra have been assigned in detail. The literature energy level datasets are mostly consistent with the derived energy levels from the present study. The f-d excitation spectra show that the lowest d-electron levels are energetically situated below the intrinsic absorption of the host. Crystal field analyses have been performed by using 100 energy levels for each system and the resulting standard deviations were 12.4 and 15.5 cm −1 for Er 3+ and Nd 3+ , respectively. The multiplet term barycenters are better fitted for the case of Nd 3+ , whereas crystal field splittings are better modeled for Er 3+. The fitted free ion parameters exhibit considerably less uncertainty for Nd 3+ .