Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review

Sack, Alexandra; Oladunni, Fatai S.; Gonchigoo, Battsetseg; Chambers, Thomas M.; Gray, Gregory C.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2019.2541

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Surveillance data are also important from a public health aspect to monitor emerging zoonotic bacteria in companion animals and horses such as toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans , 35 Clostridium difficile , Leptospira spp. or Staphylococcus spp 36 . In addition to submissions with missing postcodes, 8.6% (520/6018) of isolates had the sample site information missing, which is similar to human 37,38 and other veterinary studies 39 where information was commonly missing from diagnostic submission forms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK

Isgren

Williams

Fletcher

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in horses is important to aid empirical treatment decisions and highlight emerging AMR threats. Objective: To describe the AMR patterns of common groups of bacteria from clinical submissions from horses in the UK during 2018, and to determine how this varies by sample site and type of submitting veterinary practice. Study design: Prospective observational study. Methods: All data on bacterial culture and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) collected in 2018 from six large equine diagnostic laboratories were included. Resistance patterns were analysed including resistance to 1 or 2 antimicrobial classes, multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials and isolates where there was no readily available treatment for adult horses in the UK. Submitting practices were classified according to whether they treated referral cases or not (first opinion). Comparisons between proportions and resistance for each bacterial group and sample site was performed using Chi squared (or Fisher's exact test). Results: A total of 6018 bacterial isolates from 4038 diagnostic submissions were included from respiratory (n=1555), urogenital (n=1010), skin/hair/wound/abscess (n=753), surgical site infection (SSI) /catheterrelated-infection (CRI) /orthopaedic infections (n=347) and unknown/'other' submissions (n=373). There were 2711 Gram-negative isolates and 3307 Gram-positive isolates. Prevalence of MDR for E. coli was 31.7%, Staphylococcus spp. 25.3% and >25% for the majority of bacterial isolates from SSI/CRI/orthopaedic submissions. For Enterococcus spp. there was no readily available treatment for adult horses in the UK in 30.2% of positive submissions. MDR was significantly higher from referral hospital than first opinion submissions for the majority of pathogens (except Actinobacillus spp. and Pasteurella spp. and β-haemolytic Streptococcus spp.). Main limitations: Since culture and susceptibility results are not systematic analyses based on harmonised methods, selection bias could impact the findings. Conclusions: Ongoing surveillance is essential to understand emerging patterns of resistance. MDR is high in SSI/CRI/orthopaedic infections, which is important for hospital biosecurity and guiding treatment decisions. Harmonisation of diagnostic procedures and interpretation of results amongst veterinary laboratories will improve AMR surveillance and data comparison amongst laboratories.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK

Isgren

Williams

Fletcher

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“… 8 However, full awareness of horse-related health risks is rather poor, and many public health professionals are underinformed. 4 In a Canadian survey conducted for 214 public health inspectors, over two-thirds of professionals considered diseases transmitted from horses having no or some impact on public health. 36 Another similar survey undertaken in New Zealand revealed that only 31% equine properties had any type of biosecurity protocols for the visitors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to recent reports, 56 zoonotic pathogens were identified in horses, of which over 40% were bacteria (eg, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella and Escherichia coli – E. coli ) and 9% were protozoa (eg, Cryptosporidium and Giardia ). 4 Campylobacter spp. (eg, Campylobacter jejuni – C. jejuni ) were predominantly detected in sick equines but rarely found in healthy horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Infectious Enteropathogens in Faeces of Healthy Horses

Paruch

2022

Microbiol�Insights

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Zoogenic faecal contamination of the environment is one of the indices included in the evaluation of ecological threats, health hazards and adverse impacts on various ecosystems. The risks and environmental concerns are associated with the fact that faeces of wild and domesticated animals constitute the largest source of environmental loading of enteropathogens associated with transmission of zoonotic diseases (enteric zoonoses). Although sick animals are more likely to transmit pathogens, healthy ones can also be the carriers and defecate them into the environment. This is of particular importance given the close human-animal interactions and health effects resulting from human and ecological exposures to faecal hazards from companion and farm animals. We have therefore set out to investigate whether healthy equines can carry and defecate human infectious pathogens. For this purpose, we set up a pilot study to examine the faecal DNA of horses using culture-independent molecular diagnostics – fluorescent probe-based quantitative real-time PCR. Our results revealed that among a total of 23 horses, 6 were found to carry Campylobacter jejuni ( C. jejuni), and 5 had Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S. Typhimurium). Moreover, Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis) was found in 14 horses, while 19 were positive for Clostridium perfringens ( C. perfringens). Furthermore, the frequently reported protozoan parasites in livestock, Cryptosporidium parvum ( C. parvum) and Giardia lamblia ( G. lamblia), were discovered in 8 and 7 samples, respectively. This pilot study shed new light on the phenomenon of healthy horses carrying C. jejuni and other human-health-related enteropathogens.

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“…Improvements in animal health and welfare, including strengthened animal health systems, benefits global health security by reducing zoonotic disease transmission (Horsetalk 2020 ; Lönker et al 2020 ). While case reports of zoonotic infections directly from horses remain low, there is a high potential for underreporting due to lack of knowledge among health professionals (Sack et al 2020 ). Globally some 56 diseases are recorded as transmittable from equines to man (Sack et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Contributions of Working Equids to Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihoods in Agenda 2030

et al. 2022

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Small farmers produce most food in low- and middle-income countries and most small farmers rely on directly or indirectly working equids (WE). The lack of methods and metrics for assessing the role of WE hampers realisation of WE contributions. Based on literature review and a survey of WE welfare experts, we propose a framework for optimising WE potential based on two axes of sustainable development goals (SDGs) and value chains. WE contribute especially to earning and sparing income (largely in food production) (SDG 1), but also have roles in accessing health and hygiene services and products (SDG 3 and 5), providing edible products (SDG 2), and benefiting women (SDG 6), with lesser contributions to other SDGs, notably climate action (SDG 13). Experts identified barriers to appropriate appreciation of WE contributions, in order to target actions to overcome them. They found WE are neglected because they belong to farmers who are themselves neglected; because information on WE is inadequate; and, because the unique nature and roles of WE means systems, policies, investors, markets and service providers struggle to cater for them. Harnessing WE to optimally contribute to sustainable development will require generating better evidence on their contributions to SDGs, ensuring better integration into ongoing efforts to attain SDGs, and building the WE capacity among development actors.

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Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 58 publications

Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK

Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK

Molecular Identification of Infectious Enteropathogens in Faeces of Healthy Horses

The Global Contributions of Working Equids to Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihoods in Agenda 2030

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