Zur Kinetik der ?Polykondensation? von �thylenoxyd an Phenole

Patat, F.; Cremer, E.; Bobleter, O.

doi:10.1007/bf00938558

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Lines are __. two o deviation band for previous normal octanoi data; X three EO data for ethoxylation parameter run #1; ~ , six EO data for ethoxylation parameter run #1; and A, nine EO data for ethoxylation parameter run #1.markably well with published values of 15.8 and 16.4 kcal/mole for the first two additions of EO to phenol(7,8), and 17.8 kcal/mole for the sodium methoxide catalyzed polymerization of EO in paradioxan at 30-60~(9).…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

Effect of process variables, degree of ethoxylation and alcohol structure on relative ethoxylation rate constants

Geissler¹,

Johnson

1990

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Supercritical fluid chromatographic determinations of ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylated alcohols with subsequent computer calculations of relative propagation to initiation ethoxylation rate constants for each ethoxylated oligomer have been carried out for normal octanol under varying reaction conditions. A number of other alcohols were also ethoxylated under essentially constant conditions. In the normal octanol studies, within an approximately fifteen-fold change in absolute ethoxylation rates due to v~iations in temperature, pressure, and potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, the data indicate that such changes do not affect ethylene oxide distributions. Suggestions by ear-Her workers of changes in relative ethoxylation rate constants with the average degree of ethoxylation were verified. Chain length for normal alcohol feeds does not affect distributions in the C-8 to C-13 range, but branching at the carbon a to the hydroxyl carbon increases the relative propagation to initiation rate constants, and a secondary alcohol exhibits an even higher ratio.KEY WORDS: Ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylation process variables, ethylene oxide oligomer distributions, non-ionic surfactants, relative rate constants, and supercritical fluid chromatography.

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supporting

confidence: 78%

Effect of process variables, degree of ethoxylation and alcohol structure on relative ethoxylation rate constants

Geissler¹,

Johnson

1990

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…This was most apparent in Cycle 3, but since then, no measurable differences exist in the cumulative Stage 1 proposal rankings between women and men in Cycles 4-6 even when individual cycles are combined. Nonetheless, the proposal acceptance rates, which ultimately reflect what is scheduled on the telescope, show a similar trend as HST (Reid 2014) and ESO (Patat 2016) in that proposals with female PIs have had a lower success rate in receiving telescope time than proposals with male PIs, even after accounting for demographic differences by region, experience, and science category. The difference between the actual and expected proposal acceptance rate for women is not significant in any given cycle, but is present in each cycle when considering all regions combined.…”

Section: All Regionsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Proposals led by senior astronomers have a higher acceptance rate than proposals from junior astronomers, and the fraction of senior astronomers that are women is lower than among junior applicants. After accounting for seniority, Patat (2016) found a residual systematic remained that could reflect either unaccounted demographic differences between women and men or potentially a true gender bias.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Systematics in the ALMA Proposal Review Rankings

Carpenter

2020

PASP

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The results from the ALMA proposal peer review process in Cycles 0-6 are analyzed to identify any systematics in the scientific rankings that may signify bias. Proposal rankings are analyzed with respect to the experience level of a Principal Investigator (PI) in submitting ALMA proposals, regional affiliation (Chile, East Asia, Europe, North America, or Other), and gender. The analysis was conducted for both the Stage 1 rankings, which are based on the preliminary scores from the reviewers, and the Stage 2 rankings, which are based on the final scores from the reviewers after participating in a face-to-face panel discussion. Analysis of the Stage 1 results shows that PIs who submit an ALMA proposal in multiple cycles have systematically better proposal ranks than PIs who have submitted proposals for the first time. In terms of regional affiliation, PIs from Europe and North America have better Stage 1 rankings than PIs from Chile and East Asia. Consistent with Lonsdale et al. (2016), proposals led by men have better Stage 1 rankings than women when averaged over all cycles. This trend was most noticeably present in Cycle 3, but no discernible differences in the Stage 1 rankings are present in recent cycles. Nonetheless, in each cycle to date, women have had a lower proposal acceptance rate than men even after differences in demographics are considered. Comparison of the Stage 1 and Stage 2 rankings reveal no significant changes in the distribution of proposal ranks by experience level, regional affiliation, or gender as a result of the panel discussions, although the proposal ranks for East Asian PIs show a marginally significant improvement from Stage 1 to Stage 2 when averaged over all cycles. Thus any systematics in the proposal rankings are introduced primarily in the Stage 1 process and not from the face-to-face discussions. These results are discussed in the context of potential language and cultural biases, but any conclusions on the origin of the observed systematics remain speculative. Lonsdale et al. (2016) analyzed the results from the proposal review process for four facilities operated in full or in part by the National Radio Astronomical Observatory (NRAO): the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and ALMA. Analogous to the results for HST and ESO, they found that the proposal rankings favored men over women in ALMA Cycles 2-4, with the largest and most significant difference found in Cycle 3. The other NRAO telescopes showed similar trends, although the significance was lower than found for ALMA, and in some semesters, women had higher overall rankings than men. Hunt et al. (2019) extended the analysis by Lonsdale et al. (2016) to include more recent proposal rounds at the JVLA, VLBA, and the GBT. They found that when averaged over all proposal semesters between 2012A and 2019A for the JVLA, VLBA and GBT combined, men had a statistically significant advantage over women in the proposal scores.

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“…The fact that alkyl-substituted gem-dichlorocyclopropanes do not react under the conditions used in the present work clearly demonstrates the importance of ( 22) In a pem-dimethyl group the replacement of one methyl with hydrogen does not significantly change the chemical shift of the remaining methyl grou p; see ref 23, pp 50-66. (23) L. M. Jackman, "Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry," Pergamon Press Ltd., London, 1959, (24) It is not expected that elimination of hydrogen chloride from cis-VII would take place under these conditions.26 (25) W. E. Truce and . M. Boudakian, J.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry of gem-Dihalocyclopropanes. IV. Ring Opening of gem-Dichlorocyclopropyl Ethers

Skattebøl¹

1966

J. Org. Chem.

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Zur Kinetik der ?Polykondensation? von �thylenoxyd an Phenole

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of process variables, degree of ethoxylation and alcohol structure on relative ethoxylation rate constants

Effect of process variables, degree of ethoxylation and alcohol structure on relative ethoxylation rate constants

Systematics in the ALMA Proposal Review Rankings

Chemistry of gem-Dihalocyclopropanes. IV. Ring Opening of gem-Dichlorocyclopropyl Ethers

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