α‐Amylase Immobilization on P(HEMA‐co‐PEGMA) Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Investigation

Abstract

The aims of this study are to synthesize and characterize poly (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (P(HEMA‐co‐PEG500MA)) structures containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) side groups and to investigate their possible use in α‐amylase immobilization. For this purpose, P(HEMA‐co‐PEG500MA) copolymer structures are synthesized by using different monomer ratios. P(HEMA‐co‐PEG500MA) copolymer structures are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis techniques. In addition, thermal, and morphological properties of the copolymers are investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, α‐amylase from Aspergillus oryzae is immobilized on synthesized copolymer support by using physical interactions. The success of immobilization is elucidated via FTIR, SEM, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) methods. In addition, the influences of temperature, pH, storage time, and repeated uses on the activity of free and immobilized α‐amylase are investigated. According to the outcomes, the immobilized α‐amylase possesses a better pH and thermal resistance than the free one. Additionally, the immobilized α‐amylase maintains about 53% of its original activity after eight reuses and it exhibits about 50% relative activity after 28 days of storage. In conclusion, the immobilized α‐amylase can be utilized as a potential efficient catalyst to produce maltose from the hydrolysis of starch.

Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet-Induced Graft Polymerization of Composite Hydrogel on 3D-Printed Polymer Surfaces for Biomedical Application

“…In addition, there is a change in the intensity of absorption peaks due to the incorporation of oxygen-containing polar functional groups on the surface of 3D-printed PLA samples after APPJ treatment, such as carbonyl peaks (C=O), which represents surface oxidation [27,30,49]. The asymmetrical methyl bending (CH 3 ) peak of HEMA was discovered at 1520-1530 cm −1 after UV grafting with composite hydrogel; the ester groups were identified by a peak at C=O stretching at 1738 cm −1 and C-O stretching at 1280 cm −1 ; the alcoholic groups were identified by a peak at O-H bending at 1035 cm −1 and C-O stretching at 3465 cm −1 ; and the peak at 1642 cm −1 due to absorption indicates C=C methacrylate [37,43,44]. As for the PEGMA, its functional group ether linkage peak appears at 1115 cm −1 , the OH peak at 3610-3670 cm −1 , and the CH 2 peak at 2855 cm −1 [43,44].…”

“…It is non-toxic, biocompatible, and insoluble after swelling in aqueous media [36,[41][42][43]. Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) is a hydrophilic monomer with a special binding force for water molecules [42][43][44]. Because of its non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity, PEGMA grafting can increase the adhesion and reproduction of cells, thereby improving the biocompatibility of hydrogels [42][43][44][45].…”

“…Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) is a hydrophilic monomer with a special binding force for water molecules [42][43][44]. Because of its non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity, PEGMA grafting can increase the adhesion and reproduction of cells, thereby improving the biocompatibility of hydrogels [42][43][44][45]. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a double salt of tricalcium phosphate, and calcium hydroxide is the main inorganic component of human bones and teeth.…”

Propelling of Enzyme Activity by Using Different Triggering Strategies: Applications and Perspectives

“…5,18,19 Owing to the improved stability, reusability, and high enzyme retention of the proposed supports, more and more types of materials have been used as supports to immobilize various enzymes. 20 To date, many carriers have been used for immobilization including natural 21−23 or synthetic polymers, 24 copolymers, 25 hydrogels, 26 beads, 27−29 blends, 30 nanofibers, 31−34 nanoparticles, 35−40 composites, 41−44 metal−organic frameworks, 45,46 etc. We refer readers to several recent review articles that comprehensively review these areas (method and support).…”

“…Conceptually, an immobilized enzyme can be defined as an enzyme that is physically confined or localized to a particular solid support, whose catalytic activities are maintained, and can be used repeatedly and continuously. , In scientific research, many methods of enzyme immobilization have been reported, including adsorption, covalent bonding, cross-linking, and entrapment; each has advantages and disadvantages. ,, Owing to the improved stability, reusability, and high enzyme retention of the proposed supports, more and more types of materials have been used as supports to immobilize various enzymes . To date, many carriers have been used for immobilization including natural − or synthetic polymers, copolymers, hydrogels, beads, − blends, nanofibers, − nanoparticles, − composites, − metal–organic frameworks, , etc. We refer readers to several recent review articles that comprehensively review these areas (method and support). ,− Although the scientific literature is full of reports on new carrier supports and new approaches to immobilize enzymes, most of them are not even suitable for enzyme immobilization as the immobilization method and carrier used are insufficient to improve the enzyme properties of the matrix.…”