α-Amylase Inhibitors: A Review of Raw Material and Isolated Compounds from Plant Source

Abstract

-Inhibition of α-amylase, enzyme that plays a role in digestion of starch and glycogen, is considered a strategy for the treatment of disorders in carbohydrate uptake, such as diabetes and obesity, as well as, dental caries and periodontal diseases. Plants are an important source of chemical constituents with potential for inhibition of α-amylase and can be used as therapeutic or functional food sources. A review about crude extracts and isolated compounds from plant source that have been tested for α-amylase inhibitory activity has been done. The analysis of the results shows a variety of crude extracts that present α-amylase inhibitory activity and some of them had relevant activity when compared with controls used in the studies. Amongst the phyto-constituents that have been investigated, flavonoids are one of them that demonstrated the highest inhibitory activities with the potential of inhibition related to number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule of the compound. Several phyto-constituents and plant species as α-amylase inhibitors are being reported in this article. Majority of studies have focused on the anti-amylase phenolic compounds.

Potent Natural Inhibitors of Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase against Hyperglycemia <em>in Vitro </em>and <em>in Vivo</em>

“…[34] Currently, there are many anti-diabetic drugs that perform mostly for inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and absorption. [14] The pharmaceutical agents are found out as drugs to oppose TIIDM such as Metformin, Sylphonylureas, TZDs, GLP-1 analoges, DDP-4 inhibitors, insulin, Pramlintide, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. [35] These drugs help TIIDM people for maintaining blood glucose level while they still have side effect on the patients likewise.…”

“…[12] Alpha-amylase is also related to the breakdown of long chain carbohydrates and this inhibitor similar to acarbose which defers the digestion of carbohydrate and extends overall the time in the digestion of post-prandial plasma glucose increase. [13,14] Hence alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors are vital medicines to inhibit the assimilation of carbohydrates in the intestines, can be used to treat TIIDM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). [10] In nowadays, many reviewing issues are reported that efficacy medicines are the alternative one of active components for anti-diabetes agents from natural sources or folk herbal medicines.…”

“…[21] Of note plants are crucial source of chemical components potent biological activity in remedy of diabetes by reducing post-prandial hyperglycemia [22] with potential for arrest of alpha-amylase be used as therapeutic or folk herb medicine by extraction compounds from plant sources that have been evaluated in alpha-amylase inhibitor activity. [14] From one recent review article reports that the most relevant clinical trials are performed with medicinal plants and natural products such as aloe, banana, bitter melon, caper, cinnamon, cocoa, coffee, fenugreek, garlic, guava, gymnema, nettle, sage, soybean, green and black tea, turmeric, walnut, and yerba mate. The active ingredients of high interest as potential anti-diabetics are: fukugetin, palmatine, berberine, honokiol, amorfrutins, trigonelline, gymnemic acids, gurmarin, and phlorizin.…”

Chemical composition and bioactivities of the polyphenolic-rich extract of Ormenis africana Jord. and Fourr

“…[34] In our work, the main phenolic compounds present in the extract are mono-caffeoyl quinic acid and di-caffeoyl quinic acid which have been previously reported as inhibitors of the key enzymes of carbohydrates digestion process. [35] However, it was also considered that minor components, as well as a possible interaction between the substances could also affect the biological activities. Several reports have shown close relationship between total phenolic contents and antioxidative activity of plant extracts.…”

Evaluation of In-vitro Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Activities of Extracts Citrus Lemon Fruit

“…A wide array of numerous chemical compounds has demonstrated activity consistent with their possible use in the treatment of diabetes [9][10][11][12]. Different plants have been reported to show α-amylase inhibitory activity and so may be relevant to the treatment of diabetes [13,14]. The potential role of the medicinal plants as inhibitors…”