α-Phenylethylamine in illegally produced amphetamine

Błachut, Dariusz; Czarnocki, Zbigniew; Wojtasiewicz, Krystyna

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00548-5

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…3), are among the most common impurities encountered. Often present in methamphetamine, XII is a common by-product of amphetamine synthesis via the Leuckart reaction [3,11,23,24]. N-(b-phenylisopropyl) benzyl methyl ketimine (XI) and Nbenzoylamphetamine (XIV) are often found in amphetamine manufactured by the reductive amination route [11,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New impurity profiles of recent Australian imported ‘ice’: Methamphetamine impurity profiling and the identification of (pseudo)ephedrine and Leuckart specific marker compounds

Evans

McCluskey

2007

Forensic Science International

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New impurity profiles of recent Australian imported ‘ice’: Methamphetamine impurity profiling and the identification of (pseudo)ephedrine and Leuckart specific marker compounds

Evans

McCluskey

2007

Forensic Science International

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“…2). 15,16) The synthesized compounds were ascertained by GC-MS and NMR. Synthesis --TMA-2, TMA, 2C-B, 2CT-2, and 2CT-7 were synthesized as follows by the method of Shulgin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines in Designer Drugs Using Gas Chromatographymass Spectrometry

Takahashi

Nagashima

Suzuki

et al. 2008

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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“…This route is well known and several instructions are available from Internet sources and publications which were adapted for this study. 7,11,26,[29][30][31][32] First a complete 4-step Leuckart synthesis of amphetamine sulphate starting from APAAN was performed. After each synthesis step, a part of the organic phase was collected and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).…”

Section: Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of specific markers for amphetamine synthesised from the pre‐precursor APAAN following the Leuckart route and retrospective search for APAAN markers in profiling databases from Germany and the Netherlands

Hauser

Rößler

Hulshof

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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α-Phenylacetoacetonitrile (APAAN) is one of the most important pre-precursors for amphetamine production in recent years. This assumption is based on seizure data but there is little analytical data available showing how much amphetamine really originated from APAAN. In this study, several syntheses of amphetamine following the Leuckart route were performed starting from different organic compounds including APAAN. The organic phases were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to search for signals caused by possible APAAN markers. Three compounds were discovered, isolated, and based on the performed syntheses it was found that they are highly specific for the use of APAAN. Using mass spectra, high resolution MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data the compounds were characterised and identified as 2-phenyl-2-butenenitrile, 3-amino-2-phenyl-2-butenenitrile, and 4-amino-6-methyl-5-phenylpyrimidine. To investigate their significance, they were searched in data from seized amphetamine samples to determine to what extent they were present in illicitly produced amphetamine. Data of more than 580 cases from amphetamine profiling databases in Germany and the Netherlands were used for this purpose. These databases allowed analysis of the yearly occurrence of the markers going back to 2009. The markers revealed a trend that was in agreement with seizure reports and reflected an increasing use of APAAN from 2010 on. This paper presents experimental proof that APAAN is indeed the most important pre-precursor of amphetamine in recent years. It also illustrates how important it is to look for new ways to identify current trends in drug production since such trends can change within a few years.

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α-Phenylethylamine in illegally produced amphetamine

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

New impurity profiles of recent Australian imported ‘ice’: Methamphetamine impurity profiling and the identification of (pseudo)ephedrine and Leuckart specific marker compounds

New impurity profiles of recent Australian imported ‘ice’: Methamphetamine impurity profiling and the identification of (pseudo)ephedrine and Leuckart specific marker compounds

Analysis of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines in Designer Drugs Using Gas Chromatographymass Spectrometry

Identification of specific markers for amphetamine synthesised from the pre‐precursor APAAN following the Leuckart route and retrospective search for APAAN markers in profiling databases from Germany and the Netherlands

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