α1-Antichymotrypsin and IL-1β are not increased in CSF or serum in Alzheimer's disease

Pirttilä, Tuula; Mehta, Pankaj; Frey, H.; Wı́sniewski, Henryk M.

doi:10.1016/0197-4580(94)90026-4

Cited by 94 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Elevated levels of serum ACT have also been reported in a subset of first-degree relatives of AD patients [23], and it has been suggested that serological ACT may represent a useful biological marker to monitor the disease [23]. However, other studies could not confirm the above findings and reported normal levels of ACT from peripheral blood of AD patients [24][25][26]. Therefore, confounding factors appear to affect studies on blood ACT and the significance of increased peripheral ACT in AD is still unclear.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Licastro

Masliah

Pedrini

et al. 2000

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Concentrations of α₁-antichymotrypsin (ACT) were measured in serum or plasma samples from 137 patients with late-onset probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 89 controls. Levels of ACT from sera or plasma from both AD or controls were different, being highest in serum samples. Increased levels of serum or plasma ACT and normal levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were found in AD. Differences in serum ACT levels between AD and controls were statistically significant, while those in plasma ACT were not. ACT serum levels were higher in women with AD that in female and male controls. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes did not independently affect blood ACT levels in both AD and controls; although, among AD patients, female AD patients with APOE 4,4 showed the highest level of serum ACT. The gender effect appeared to be prominent, since female AD patients with APOE 3,3 had similar ACT levels to those of female AD patients with APOE 4,4.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Licastro

Masliah

Pedrini

et al. 2000

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…In the middle of 1970s, it was discovered first by Weingarten et al [38]. CSF tau protein, components of the cytoskeleton microtubules system and is concealed by a single gene based on chromosome no.…”

Section: Csf-taumentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Disorder Alzheimer

Rani

Singh

Arjuna

et al. 2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), slowly continuous neurological disorder, mostly appears in older >65 age that deals with the memory loss due to death or damage of brain cells and cognitive functions (thinking, reasoning, and behavior abnormalities) due to the accumulation of the specific protein (betaamyloid protein) which form plaque and fibers (tau tangles) in the brain. Not only the genetic factors are responsible but also most of the non-genetic factors are responsible for AD. Several mutations in the gene (APP, APOE, PENS1, PENS2 on chromosome no. 21, 19, 14, 1) are responsible for causing four types of AD. Memory loss is most common sign of AD. Predisposing factors of AD are hereditary, severe brain injury or traumatic, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, and obesity. Although treatment can manage some symptoms in few people, but there is no current mechanism to cure AD or stop its progression. Beta-secretase inhibitor molecule prevents the first step in a chain accumulation which leads to the formation of amyloid plaque in the brain. However, the scientist or researchers have established a compound NIC5-15 they have been found NIC5-15 has safe and effectual treatment which has been used to stabilize cognitive performance in patients with mild to moderate AD.

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“…Neuronal Pentraxin Receptor (NPR), another neuronal membrane protein was suggested to be involved in the clearance of synaptic debris, although the exact function of this marker was not clear (Finehout et al, 2007) 1-Antichymotrypsin (A1ACT) was observed either increased or unchanged in CSF samples of Alzheimer's disease patients (Matsubara et al, 1990;Harigaya et al, 1995;Pirttila et al, 1994). However some contradictory results show that more studies are required to raise the possibility of A1ACT to be tagged as an effective biomarker (Woon et al, 2007).…”

Section: Neuronal Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These proteins were detected in previous studies using ELISA, as well as proteomics approaches (Frosch et al, 2010) The study of cytokines produced during inflammation in Alzheimer's disease, have also shown inconsistent results. For example, CSF interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been reported to be increased, decreased, or unchanged in Alzheimer's disease (Pirttila et al, 1994).…”

Section: Inflammatory Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMERâS DISEASE

Aftab¹

2012

American Journal of Neuroscience

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Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent type of dementia, affects the life of elderly, to such extent that it impairs the ability to perform routine functions as well. The impairment of normal functions not only affects the patients but the family members as well. It is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis; hence some clinical and psychological tools are used to diagnose the disease. MRI can be used effectively in this regard as well. However in the recent years, much work has been done to devise a biochemical marker which can be effective for definitive and early diagnosis. Amyloid beta and CSF tau proteins have been the most successful by far in confirming the Alzheimer's disease pathology. Other biomarkers such as neuronal markers are also important as they particularly show the pathology in brain. It is recommended by National Institute on Aging to include amyloid beta and markers of neuronal pathology in tools for clinical diagnosis of the disease; even so, more work is required in this regard. It is expected that in future, these markers will be essential to diagnose the disease.

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α1-Antichymotrypsin and IL-1β are not increased in CSF or serum in Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 94 publications

References 24 publications

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Genetic Disorder Alzheimer

A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMERâS DISEASE

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α1-Antichymotrypsin and IL-1β are not increased in CSF or serum in Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 94 publications

References 24 publications

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Blood Levels of Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects of Gender and Apolipoprotein E Genotype

Genetic Disorder Alzheimer

A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMERâS DISEASE

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A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMERâS DISEASE