The
remarkable underwater adhesion strategy employed by mussels
has inspired bioadhesives that have demonstrated promise in connective
tissue repair, wound closure, and local delivery of therapeutic cells
and drugs. While the pH of oxygenated blood and internal tissues is
typically around 7.4, skin and tumor tissues are significantly more
acidic. Additionally, blood loss during surgery and ischemia can lead
to dysoxia, which lowers pH levels of internal tissues and organs.
Using 4-armed PEG end-capped with dopamine (PEG-D) as a model adhesive
polymer, the effect of pH on the rate of intermolecular cross-linking
and adhesion to biological substrates of catechol-containing adhesives
was determined. Adhesive formulated at an acidic pH (pH 5.7–6.7)
demonstrated reduced curing rate, mechanical properties, and adhesive
performance to pericardium tissues. Although a faster curing rate
was observed at pH 8, these adhesives also demonstrated reduced mechanical
and bioadhesive properties when compared to adhesives buffered at
pH 7.4. Adhesives formulated at pH 7.4 demonstrated a good balance
of fast curing rate, elevated mechanical properties and interfacial
binding ability. UV–vis spectroscopy evaluation revealed that
the stability of the transient oxidation intermediate of dopamine
was increased under acidic conditions, which likely reduced the rate
of intermolecular cross-linking and bulk cohesive properties for hydrogels
formulated at these pH levels. At pH 8, competing cross-linking reaction
mechanisms and reduced concentration of dopamine catechol due to auto-oxidation
likely reduced the degree of dopamine polymerization and adhesive
strength for these hydrogels. pH plays an important role in the adhesive
performance of mussel-inspired bioadhesives and the pH of the adhesive
formulation needs to be adjusted for the intended application.