“…Since appearance of multinucleated giant cells and exfoliation of spermatids observed in the present study have been repeatedly reported in various experimental studiesclomiphene-treated rats (Vitale et al, 1973), E2-treated mice (Ohta and Takasugi, 1974), testosterone-treated and hypophysectomized rats (Muffly et al, 1994), E2B-treated rats (Blanco-Rodriguez and Martinez-Garcia, 1996), E2B-treated mice (Toyama et al, 2001a), BPA-, E2-, or E2B-treated rats and mice (Toyama and Yuasa, 2004), GOPC (Golgi associated PDZ-and coiled-and coil motif-containing protein) -/-mice (Yao et al, 2002;Ito et al, 2004, in this isssue), CAF1 (Chromatin Assembly Factor 1) -/ -or Cnot -/ -mice (Nakamura et al, 2004), mgcl (mouse germ cell less) -/ -mice (Kimura et al, 2003;Maekawa et al, 2004, in this issue) these phenomena do not seem to be hormone-specific defects.…”