β-glucan-stimulated activation of six enzymes in the haemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri at different water temperatures

Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri: Purification and antibacterial activity of its reaction products generated in vitro

“…Viral infection or microbial polysaccharide challenge to Chlamys farreri caused a rapid and dramatic increase of PAH [17,30], indicating that PO was one of the most sensitive factors in the immune responses of C. farreri. The potential role of PO as an index of immunity in C. farreri stimulated us to purify PO and characterize the antibacterial activity of PO reaction products generated in vitro.…”

“…Bacterial infection can cause a significant increase in PO activity in whole hemolymph (PAH) of the bivalves Crassostrea madrasensis and Chlamys farreri [14,15]. Furthermore, bacterial lipopolysaccharides strongly enhance PAH in scallops (Argopecten ventricosus, Nodipecten subnodosus and C. farreri), oysters (Crassostrea gigas and Saccostrea glomerata), and pen shell Atrina maura [16,17]. Bacterial DNA incubated with hemolymph also causes an increase of PAH in the mussel Hyriopsis cumingii [18].…”

Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli

“…In the scallop Chlamys farreri, injected b-glucans may enhance hemocyte antioxidant response, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and myeloperoxidase upon temperature changes [72]. In the abalone, Haliotis sp (Gastropoda), bacterial challenge stimulated GST activity in several tissues, including gill and digestive gland [73].…”

Seasonal Variations of Water Temperature, Food Availability, Size, and Reproduction on the Hemocyte Parameters in the ScallopChlamys farreri

“…Large-scale mortality of C. farreri has persisted in recent summers-namely, the period of reproduction completion-posing a serious threat to the scallop aquaculture (Fu et al 2005, Xiao et al 2005. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the causative etiology for this abnormal mortality, finding it is mainly caused by a combination of high water temperature, microbial pathogens, and energy depletion of reproduction (Xiao et al 2005, Chen et al 2007b, Xing et al 2008, Lin et al 2011.…”

“…With the goal of providing constructive data for the prevention or alleviation of C. farreri mortality, a few studies, such as improving host immunity (Lin et al 2011), screening stress-related genes (Ma et al 2009), maintaining reasonable stocking density , and optimizing culture mode (Nunes et al 2003, Yu et al 2010, have begun to be carried out. However, the work on natural seasonal variations of the physiological status and potential defense capability in C. farreri is still lacking.…”