β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius

Busse, Nicolas I; Gonzalez, Madison L; Krason, Mackenzie L; Johnson, Sally

doi:10.1093/jas/skab264

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…Until recently, several studies using surface electromyography (sEMG) have reported that the muscle activity during trotting increases with speed [1][2][3][4][5]. However, the effect of speed on muscle activity during canter and gallop [6], which are the gaits required in considerably high-intensity exercises (e.g., cross-country and horse racing), remains poorly known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of speed and leading or trailing limbs on surface muscle activities during canter in Thoroughbred horses

Takahashi

Mukai

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Given that Thoroughbred horses’ canter is an asymmetric gait, not only speed but also leading or trailing limbs could affect muscle activities. However, the muscle activity during a canter remains poorly understood. Hence, we aimed to investigate speed and lead-side (leading or trailing) effects on surface electromyography (sEMG) during a canter. The sEMG data were recorded from left Musculus brachiocephalicus (Br), M. infraspinatus (Inf), long head of M. triceps brachii (TB), M. gluteus medius (GM), M. semitendinosus (ST), and M. flexor digitorum longus of seven Thoroughbreds with hoof-strain gauges at the left hooves. Horses cantered on a flat treadmill at 7, 10, and 13 m/s for 25 s each without lead change. Subsequently, the horses trotted for 3 min and cantered at the same speed and duration in the opposite lead side (“leading” at the left lead and “trailing” at the right lead). The order of the lead side and speed was randomized. The mean of 10 consecutive stride durations, duty factors, integrated-EMG values (iEMG) for a stride, and muscle onset and offset timing were compared using a generalized mixed model (P < 0.05). Stride durations and duty factors significantly decreased with speed regardless of the lead side. In all muscles, iEMG at 13 m/s significantly increased compared with 7 m/s (ranging from +15% to +134%). The lead-side effect was noted in the iEMG of Br (leading > trailing, +47%), Inf (leading > trailing, +19%), GM (leading < trailing, +20%), and ST (leading < trailing, +19%). In TB, GM, and ST, muscle onset in trailing was earlier than the leading, while offset in the leading was earlier in Br. In conclusion, different muscles have different responses to speed and lead side; thus, both the lead side and running speed should be considered during training and/or rehabilitation including canter or gallop.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of speed and leading or trailing limbs on surface muscle activities during canter in Thoroughbred horses

Takahashi

Mukai

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Short Communication: Supplementation with calcium butyrate causes an increase in the percentage of oxidative fibers in equine gluteus medius muscle

Busse

Gonzalez

Wagner³

et al. 2022

Journal of Animal Science

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Optimal athletic performance requires meeting the energetic demands of the muscle fibers, which are a function of myosin ATPase enzymatic activity. Skeletal muscle with a predominant oxidative metabolism underlies equine athletic success. Sodium butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, can affect muscle fiber composition in pigs. To determine if a similar scenario exists in horses, 12 adult Thoroughbred geldings (7.4 ± 0.6 yr of age; mean ± SEM) were fed 16 g of calcium butyrate (CB) or an equivalent amount of carrier (CON) daily for 30 d in a crossover design. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and after the feeding trial for immunohistochemical determination of fiber type, and RNA and protein isolation. After 30 d, CB increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA fibers and tended (P = 0.13) to reduce the numbers of type IIX fibers in comparison to control (CON). No changes (P > 0.05) in type I, IIA, or IIX fiber size were observed in response to CB. No differences (P > 0.05) were noted in the abundance of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein or activity between horses receiving CB or CON. Myogenin mRNA abundance was unaffected (P > 0.05) by 30 d of CB supplementation. The increase in type IIA fibers in the absence of altered mitochondrial SDH enzymatic activity suggests that CB affects myosin ATPase expression independent of altered metabolism.

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The initial delay to mitotic activity in primary cultures of equine satellite cells is reduced by combinations of growth factors

Barshick

Gonzalez

Busse

et al. 2022

Journal of Animal Science

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Satellite cell (SC) activation is defined as the time frame during which the stem cell becomes poised to reenter G1 of the cell cycle. The growth factors and events leading to full mitotic activation in equine SCs remain largely unknown. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are sequentially transcribed during the muscle repair and recovery period following strenuous exercise in adult horses. Expression of IGF-I occurs within 24 h of the postexercise recovery period suggesting it may affect early SC actions. As a first step, gluteus medius muscle cryosections from adult horses (n = 9) were examined for the presence of central nuclei (CN), a marker of SC addition to the fiber. Results demonstrate few CN fibers prior to exercise with a 3-fold increase (P = 0.05) 24 h postexercise. Cultures of SC (n = 4 isolates) were treated with 100 ng/mL IGF-I for varying times prior to measurement of myogenic events. Results demonstrate that IGF-I does not affect the initial lag period, proliferation, or subsequent differentiation of equine SC in vitro (P > 0.05). However, media containing a combination of IGF-I and 10 ng/mL FGF2 and 25 ng/mL HGF hastens (P < 0.05) the time to S-phase entry in fresh isolates of SCs. Media supplementation with optimal concentrations of FGF2, HGF, or a combination of HGF and FGF2 suppresses (P < 0.05) the percentage of myogenin immunopositive SCs to levels below that found in control- or IGF-I-treated SCs. These results provide new insight into the combinatorial roles growth factors play during equine SC myogenesis.

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β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Effect of speed and leading or trailing limbs on surface muscle activities during canter in Thoroughbred horses

Effect of speed and leading or trailing limbs on surface muscle activities during canter in Thoroughbred horses

Short Communication: Supplementation with calcium butyrate causes an increase in the percentage of oxidative fibers in equine gluteus medius muscle

The initial delay to mitotic activity in primary cultures of equine satellite cells is reduced by combinations of growth factors

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