Simple aromatic compounds like benzene are abundant feedstocks,
for which the preparation of derivatives chiefly begins with electrophilic
substitution reactions or, less frequently, reductions. Their high
stability makes them particularly reluctant to participate in cycloadditions
under ordinary reaction conditions. Here, we demonstrate the exceptional
ability of 1,3-diaza-2-azoniaallene cations to undergo formal (3 +
2) cycloadditions with unactivated benzene derivatives below room
temperature, providing thermally stable dearomatized adducts on a
multi-gram scale. The cycloaddition, which tolerates polar functional
groups, activates the ring toward further elaboration. On treatment
with dienophiles, the cycloadducts undergo a (4 + 2) cycloaddition–cycloreversion
cascade to yield substituted or fused arenes, including naphthalene
derivatives. The overall sequence results in the transmutation of
arenes through an exchange of the ring carbons: a two-carbon fragment
from the original aromatic ring is replaced with another from the
incoming dienophile, introducing an unconventional disconnection for
the synthesis of ubiquitous aromatic building blocks. Applications
of this two-step sequence to the preparation of substituted acenes,
isotopically labeled molecules, and medicinally relevant compounds
are demonstrated.