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Introduction. The relevance of the study of the nature and direction of changes in the family structure is due to the negative trends in modern socio-demographic development. The study of long-term trends in the transformation of family composition is important for understanding the nature and direction of modern processes, as well as for developing social policy measures. Materials and Methods. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the family structure, the materials of the audits of the taxable population of 1816, 1834 and 1850 were processed. Due to the complexity of processing primary census materials, the territorial scope of the study is limited to two areas of compact residence of Mordva-Erzya and Mordva-Moksha – Ardatov county of Simbirsk province and Krasnoslobodsky county of Penza province. In the course of the study, it used comparative, historical, problem and chronological, as well as systematic analysis and structural methods. Results and Discussion. At the beginning of the XIX century, families-households of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties were represented by both simple and undivided forms. Among Mordva and Russian population in 1816, the share of small families was approximately equal, it was about 40 %; Tatar-Mishar nuclear families stood out against this background with their relative number reached 51,7 %. Among the undivided households, paternal ones dominated: among Russians, there were about 40 %, among Mordva-Moksha – 39,1 %, among Mordva-Erzya – 44,2 %, among Tatars – 38,1 %. Among the Tatar Mishars, fraternal families-households (7,5 %) were more widespread than mixed ones. In 1816–1850, all ethnic groups settled on the territory of modern Mordovia experienced an increase in the number and share of fraternal and mixed-type households. Conclusion. During the first half of the XIX century on the territory of the Mordovian region, various variations of undivided families-households prevailed. The exception was the families of the Tatar Mishars, with the small ones at the beginning of the XIX century slightly exceeded the other types in their relative numbers. In the 1820s–1840s, a decrease in the share of nuclear families and the complication of the kinship structure was observed in all the main ethnic groups of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties.
Introduction. The relevance of the study of the nature and direction of changes in the family structure is due to the negative trends in modern socio-demographic development. The study of long-term trends in the transformation of family composition is important for understanding the nature and direction of modern processes, as well as for developing social policy measures. Materials and Methods. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the family structure, the materials of the audits of the taxable population of 1816, 1834 and 1850 were processed. Due to the complexity of processing primary census materials, the territorial scope of the study is limited to two areas of compact residence of Mordva-Erzya and Mordva-Moksha – Ardatov county of Simbirsk province and Krasnoslobodsky county of Penza province. In the course of the study, it used comparative, historical, problem and chronological, as well as systematic analysis and structural methods. Results and Discussion. At the beginning of the XIX century, families-households of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties were represented by both simple and undivided forms. Among Mordva and Russian population in 1816, the share of small families was approximately equal, it was about 40 %; Tatar-Mishar nuclear families stood out against this background with their relative number reached 51,7 %. Among the undivided households, paternal ones dominated: among Russians, there were about 40 %, among Mordva-Moksha – 39,1 %, among Mordva-Erzya – 44,2 %, among Tatars – 38,1 %. Among the Tatar Mishars, fraternal families-households (7,5 %) were more widespread than mixed ones. In 1816–1850, all ethnic groups settled on the territory of modern Mordovia experienced an increase in the number and share of fraternal and mixed-type households. Conclusion. During the first half of the XIX century on the territory of the Mordovian region, various variations of undivided families-households prevailed. The exception was the families of the Tatar Mishars, with the small ones at the beginning of the XIX century slightly exceeded the other types in their relative numbers. In the 1820s–1840s, a decrease in the share of nuclear families and the complication of the kinship structure was observed in all the main ethnic groups of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties.
Families with children in Russia are at high risk of poverty. The economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and the sanctions imposed in spring 2022 make social policy a priority. It is necessary to pay a stronger attention to groups of population at higher risk of poverty. In recent years the support for families with children has been strengthened and the circle of potential recipients of assistance expanded (raising the age of children, lifting restrictions on the type of family). Additional support measures provided to families with children to reduce the negative effects of the crisis helped to alleviate the severity of poverty but did not change the position of families with children on the welfare scale, they are still the largest group of the poor (according to Rosstat they make 80% of all poor households). It seems important to identify the main factors of poverty of families with children, which include, not least, the limited employment of parents. The main purpose of the study is to show, using the data of the statistical survey (HBS-2019), the scale of unemployment and its impact on families with children as well as gender characteristics of the phenomenon of unemployment. Financial assistance to families with children should be combined with work to activate the actions of families for self-sufficiency.
АННОТАЦИЯВведение. Под поквартирным теплоснабжением (ПТ) понимается обеспечение теплом систем отопления, вентиляции и горячего водоснабжения квартир. В настоящее время в качестве теплогенераторов для ПТ применяются настенные конвекционные газовые котлы. Дано сравнение энергетических, экологических, экономических показателей автономной системы теплоснабжения при замене газовых теплогенераторов на электрические. Рассмотрены вопросы безопасности работы оборудования и затраты на сервисное обслуживание. Предложены конструктивные и архитектурные решения размещения оборудования. Материалы и методы. Используются официальные данные Росстата РФ, доклады министерства энергетики, министерства экономического развития, действующие ГОСТы и нормативные документы расчета теплопотерь через ограждающие конструкции. Расчеты проводились методами математического моделирования. Результаты. Суммарная мощность потребления электрической энергии квартирного домохозяйства, включая электрическое теплоснабжение, не превышает 15 кВт•ч. Вопрос пикового кратковременного превышения выделенной мощности и срабатывания устройств автоматического отключения электрического питания домохозяйства решается установкой приоритетного распределения выделенной мощности. Углеродоемкость производства тепловой мощности электрическими котлами не превышает общую среднюю эмиссию СО 2 теплогенераторами на углеводородном топливе. При использовании тарифов на электроэнергию для домов с электроплитами суммарные затраты на теплоснабжение электрокотлами не превышают нормативов оплаты централизованного теплоснабжения многоэтажных домов. Исключены взрывы и отравление газом. Выводы. Автономное электрическое теплоснабжение квартирных домохозяйств имеет ряд преимуществ по сравнению с поквартирным теплоснабжением на основе газовых теплогенераторов и централизованным теплоснабжением с котельными на газовом, угольном и жидком топливе. В связи с тем, что тарифы на электроэнергию, централизованное теплоснабжение, снабжение газом в регионах РФ изменяются многократно, климатические и экологические условия разные, целесообразно сделать расчет эффективности применения электрического теплоснабжения отдельно для каждого субъекта РФ.КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: поквартирное теплоснабжение, электрический котел, углеродоемкость, углеродный след, центральное отопление, автономное теплоснабжение, тепловой узел Благодарности. Автор благодарит рецензентов за замечания по стилю изложения и научно-технической сути, способствующие более глубокому раскрытию темы научной работы.
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