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A c c e p t e d Purpose: In the present study, we evaluated the amino acids, antioxidant activities of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) powder and protein extract. Methods: Moisture, crude fat, protein, and mineral content were measured via chemical analysis according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Amino acid composition was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The antioxidant activities of CPE [cricket (G. bimaculatus) powder extract] and CPPE [cricket (G. bimaculatus) powder protein extract] calculated by assessing the total polyphenol content and the radical scavenging activities of the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: CPE had higher values of Ca and K, than CPPE. CPE had higher essential amino acid amounts compared to CPPE. CPE's branched chain amino acid contents [i.e., valine (CPE, 17186.31 mg/kg; CPPE, 1147.28 mg/kg), leucine (CPE, 25382.52 mg/kg; CPPE, 2753.34 mg/kg), and isoleucine (CPE, 12790.01 mg/kg; CPPE, 1281.90 mg/kg)] significantly higher values than CPPE. The total polyphenol content of CPPE (12.18 mg GAE/g) was higher than CPE (6.61 mg GAE/g). DPPH radical scavenging activity of CPPE (80.37%) was also higher than CPE (68.25%). Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this study suggest that cricket (G. bimaculatus) is a suitable protein and natural antioxidant material for health improvement. In the future, further studies on the health benefits of cricket (G. bimaculatus) should be conducted.
A c c e p t e d Purpose: In the present study, we evaluated the amino acids, antioxidant activities of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) powder and protein extract. Methods: Moisture, crude fat, protein, and mineral content were measured via chemical analysis according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Amino acid composition was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The antioxidant activities of CPE [cricket (G. bimaculatus) powder extract] and CPPE [cricket (G. bimaculatus) powder protein extract] calculated by assessing the total polyphenol content and the radical scavenging activities of the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: CPE had higher values of Ca and K, than CPPE. CPE had higher essential amino acid amounts compared to CPPE. CPE's branched chain amino acid contents [i.e., valine (CPE, 17186.31 mg/kg; CPPE, 1147.28 mg/kg), leucine (CPE, 25382.52 mg/kg; CPPE, 2753.34 mg/kg), and isoleucine (CPE, 12790.01 mg/kg; CPPE, 1281.90 mg/kg)] significantly higher values than CPPE. The total polyphenol content of CPPE (12.18 mg GAE/g) was higher than CPE (6.61 mg GAE/g). DPPH radical scavenging activity of CPPE (80.37%) was also higher than CPE (68.25%). Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this study suggest that cricket (G. bimaculatus) is a suitable protein and natural antioxidant material for health improvement. In the future, further studies on the health benefits of cricket (G. bimaculatus) should be conducted.
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (P. brevitarsis) larvae have traditionally been used in alternative medicine. Although various health benefits have been reported, the immunomodulatory effects of P. brevitarsis extract have so far been unknown. In this study, the immune-enhancing activities of P. brevitarsis larvae hot-water extract (PLW) were investigated using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The PLW did not exert cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 cells. The treatment of PLW increased the production of nitric oxide and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] at doses of 100, 200 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, treatment with PLW (100, 200 μg/mL) led to the increase of surface molecules (cluster of differentiation; CD80/86 and major histocompatibility complex; MHC-class Ⅰ/Ⅱ) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. These immunomodulatory effects of PLW were mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 MAPK) phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation. In conclusion, these findings provide experimental evidence that PLW can be used as an immunity-enhancing nutraceutical ingredient.
Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the recognition, purchase, and intake status of edible insects in adults, who are the main consumers of edible insects, and to provide the information necessary to expand the production and consumption of edible insects and related products in the future. Methods: A total of 453 adults (172 males and 281 females) aged 19 years and older were surveyed regarding their awareness of edible insects, purchase and consumption experience, and intention to purchase and consume, and the differences between them were analyzed according to gender and age groups. Data collection took place from December 2018 to January 2019. Results: Those who had knowledge of edible insects accounted for 87.0%, whereas those who had more than average knowledge were 75.9%, suggesting recognition was relatively high. Men had more experience than women in purchasing or consuming edible insects and related products (45.9% vs. 31.0%, p < 0.01). In terms of age, experience was 22.5% in 20-30s, 44.6% in 40-50s, and 63.1% in 60s and older, showing significant growth as age increased (p < 0.001). The satisfaction level of edible insects was highest in taste (3.4 points), and especially for shape and appearance, it decreased as age reduced (p < 0.001). The most common reason for not being willing to use edible insects was feeling repulsive (4.1 points), which was significantly more common in women than in men (4.3 vs. 3.9, p < 0.001), and lower with age (p < 0.001). The most needed information display for using edible insects was country of origin (63.8%), the main nutrient in edible insects was protein (93.6%), and the most preferred form of products was powder (39.5%). Conclusion: According to the above results, the recognition of edible insects was high, whereas experience of using edible insects and intention to use edible insects were low especially in women and younger groups. The reason for this is that consumers are dissatisfied with edible insects due to their appearance. This study is expected to be used
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