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Photosynthetic microalgae are important bioresource for producing desired and environmentally safe products including biodiesel production as third generation biofuels. Photobioreactor play important role in this process. Designing and manufacture the bioreactor for photocatalysis is still challenging at present time due to the important factors that must be closely considered with regard to light requirements. The aim of the present study was to design and evaluate a helical-tubular photobioreactor for algae production. The design considerations included light intensity controller circuit, surface-to-volume ratio, power required of both air pump and mixing pump to reach up the optimum operating parameters. Experiments were conducted to optimize light intensity and light/dark duration cycle. The photobioreactor performance was evaluated in terms of biomass productivity, lipid productivity, carbon capture efficiency and energy balance of algae production system. The experimental results reveal that the helical-tubular photobioreactor is recommended to be used under light intensity of 8 kLux and light/dark duration cycle of 18:6 h to obtain the highest biomass productivity of 1.80 kg.day -1 and lipid productivity 432 g.day -1 with carbon capture efficiency 87%. The manufactured photobioreactor is capable of produce 4.74 kWday which is equivalent to 4.39 kWday of net energy output.

The increase in the environmental pollution and economic growth, energy usage requirement cause increase in world clean energy demand. Biomethanization is one of the promised technologies to produce clean and renewable energy source compared to fossil energy resources. This research was done in two trials, the first trial focused on comparing the potential and actual values for heat and electric energy from different biomass hence, select the best for the equal energy required for different livelihoods in rural applications. The second trial, the preferable feedstocks synthesis (25% cattle dung + 75% poultry droppings) from the first trial was select to apply in the second fermentation, which done in home scale digester (68 l) under three different agitations at under mesophilic temperature 38°C. The results showed that using a combination of feedstocks (co-digestion) led to improving the biogas yield by 67.68% -7.10% because of the increase in organic content and optimizing the conditions for anaerobic digestion. Also, the percentage for every row feedstock in the combination has an equally significant aspect. The calorific efficiency was average 54 -78 % and correspondingly, the electricity produced efficiency ranged between 52.43 -68.09 %. Hence, the combinations of feedstocks can be selected to be enough to purposes of heat and electricity applications. In the home scale digester, the regression equation for methane yield to retention time under two-time agitation per day was y = 0. 347x + 0.5016x 2 -0.0162x 3 . In additional it was found that the biogas production was 3993.87 l/month from 25 kg only of animal wastes, this covered 4 days of cooking or gas lamp demands or 12 days of a refrigerator. Hence, decrease the using of conventional sources and improve the healthy living in rural communities.

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Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is a life threatening situation and one of the important causes of maternal mortality and morbidity, worldwide. Aim of the work: To compare the efficacy of carbetocin and oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery in high risk groups. Patients and methods: 120 women with gestational age between 37-40 weeks at high risk for primary atonic postpartum hemorrhage and delivered vaginally were randomly divided into two groups. First group: included 60 women, they received carbetocin, 100 mcg IM. Second group: included 60 women, they received Oxytocin 5 IU IM. Both groups received their drug after fetal and before placental delivery.a statistically significant difference between the two study groups regarding mean blood loss (276.93 ± 120.87 versus 346.42 ± 176.61), occurrence of PPH (3.3% versus 13.3%), hemoglobin and hematocrit difference between before and 24 h after delivery (0.55 ± 0.51 versus 0.998 ± 0.69, p= 0.002) (3.38 ±2.92 versus 4.65±4.18, p= 0.002) respectively and measured hemoglobin and hematocrit 24 h after delivery (being higher in carbetocin group). The effect of carbetocin as regard to estimated blood loss was more obvious in multiparous women. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding need for other uterotonics, the need for blood transfusion and occurrence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, flushing, tachycardia, hypotension, headache, itching and metallic taste. Conclusions:Carbetocin is a better alternative to oxytocin in prevention of PPH after vaginal delivery with similar side effects.