Objective:to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive and motor training as an additional method to basic therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled 41 patients (15 women and 26 men; mean age. 73.59+6.3 years), including 32 patients with AD (mean age 74.94+5.15 years) and 9 patients with VCI (mean age, 72.31+4.98 years). Cognitive impairment (CI) corresponded to mild dementia in 15patients (5 women and 10 men; mean age 74.6+2.8years) and to moderate dementia in 29 (10 women and 19 men; mean age 72.1+3.2 years). The patients were randomly assigned to individual, group, and mixed (individual and then group) cognitive training groups. Quantitative scales were used to assess changes in CI and emotional and behavioral disorders after 1.5, 3, and 6 months of therapy.Results and discussion. During cognitive and motor training, all the groups showed a significant decrease in the severity of CI (p < 0.05), depression, anxiety, and apathy. The effectiveness of the training was further influenced by the severity of concomitant cardiovascular disease, the degree of apathy, adherence to the training, and the early initiation of basic symptomatic therapy.The greatest positive changes in anxiety and depressive disorders were noted in the patients receiving group cognitive and motor training.Conclusion. The results of the investigation allow group cognitive and motor training to be recommended as a mainstay in the therapy of patients with CI concurrent with emotional disorders.
Резюме.Используемые в настоящее время статистические методы анализа сердечного ритма не в полной мере учи-тывают влияние и значение «случайных» явлений, нарушения ритма, таких как экстрасистолия. Между тем, немногочисленные желудочковые экстрасистолы могут быть предиктором серьёзной сердечной па-тологии. Поэтому, на наш взгляд, есть достаточные основания привлечь иные подходы к изучению адек-ватности функционирования сердечно-сосудистой системы и, в частности, параметров сердечного ритма. Анализ устойчивости динамических систем, как показали приводимые исследования, может соответство-вать задачам исследования угрожающих нарушений ритма. Подобный анализ может быть проведен с ис-пользованием временных рядов значений любого параметра системы, обладающего достаточным уровнем полноты отображения интересующих нас свойств этой системы. Поэтому предлагаемый подход вполне универсален. Проведенные исследования показывают, что оценка устойчивости сердечно-сосудистой системы путем анализа состояния в фазовом пространстве позволяет видеть особенности динамики, делающие видимыми различия в важных интегральных свойствах системы, которые недоступны при статистическом подходе. Ключевые слова: аритмия, экстрасистолия, математическая обработка ритма, анализ устойчивости дина-мических систем. Abstract.Currently used methods of statistical analysis of cardiac rhythm do not fully take into account the influence and importance of «random» events, arrhythmias, such as extrasystole. Meanwhile, not numerous ventricular extrasystoles may be a predictor of serious heart diseases. Therefore, in our opinion, there are reasonable grounds to involve different approaches to the study of the adequacy of the cardiovascular system functioning and, in particular, the parameters of the heart rate. The analysis of the dynamic systems stability, as the cited studies have shown, may be consistent with the objectives of the research of threatening arrhythmias. Such analysis may be performed using the time series parameter values of any system having a sufficient level of reflection completeness of this system properties being of interest to us. Therefore, the proposed approach is quite universal. The conducted studies show that the assessment of the stability of the cardiovascular system by means of the analysis of the phase space state allows to see the dynamics features that make visible differences in the major integral properties of the system that are inaccessible with the statistical approach.
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