Concordances and ScholarshipThis article examines whether published keyword indexes to 22 British poets had any measurable effect on scholarly production related to those poets, mainly using quantitative output measures, since these are all that is available. It also draws on archival information about the individual concordances and their origins. The article tests whether concordances facilitated scholarship, or were a by-product/correlative of scholarship, or mere unrelated to scholarship. The preponderance ofthe evidence leans toward the by-product hypothesis. More important, given the centrality of keyword indexing today, the evidence is mostly inconsistent with the facilitation argument. It is most likely that concordances emerged as a by-product and adjunct to scholarship and that their main use was by undergraduates, amateurs, and others below the elite level. Implications for the present are briefly discussed. Scholars and LibrariesCurrent debates in the library world often involve claims about the power or the danger of new research tools. On the one hand, they are said to make research possible that has never been seen before. On the other, they are said to automate or undercut the human factor in scholarship. Both sides make explicit or implicit claims about the relative quality and quantity of scholarship before and after the digital revolution.On the qualitative side, the debate lacks a common theoretical and operational grounding. The claims of both sides presuppose a measure of scholarly quality to be optimized or improved. Yet even in the loosest sense, there is at