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Abstract. The growth in the number and size of wind energy projects in the last decade has revealed structural limitations in the current approach adopted by the wind industry to assess potential wind farm sites. These limitations are the result of neglecting the mutual interaction of large wind farms and the thermally-stratified atmospheric boundary layer. While currently available analytical models are sufficiently accurate to conduct site assessments for isolated rotors or small wind turbine clusters, the wind farm's interaction with the atmosphere cannot be neglected for large-size arrays. Specifically, the wind farm displaces the boundary layer vertically, triggering atmospheric gravity waves that induce large-scale horizontal pressure gradients. These perturbations in pressure alter the velocity field at the turbine locations, ultimately affecting global wind farm power production. The implication of such dynamics can also produce an extended blockage region upstream of the first turbines and a favorable pressure gradient inside the wind farm. In this paper, we present the multi-scale coupled (MSC) model, a novel approach that allows the simultaneous prediction of micro-scale effects occurring at the wind turbine scale, such as individual wake interactions and rotor induction, and meso-scale phenomena occurring at the wind farm scale and larger, such as atmospheric gravity waves. This is achieved by evaluating wake models on a spatially-heterogeneous background velocity field obtained from a reduced-order meso-scale model. The MSC model is validated against two large-eddy simulations (LES) with similar average inflow velocity profiles and a different capping inversion strength, so that two distinct interfacial gravity wave regimes are produced, i.e. subcritical and supercritical. Interfacial waves can produce high blockage in the first case, as they are allowed to propagate upstream. Conversely, in the supercritical regime their propagation speed is less than their advection velocity and upstream blockage is only operated by internal waves. The MSC model not only proves to successfully capture both local induction and global blockage effects in the two regimes, but also captures wind farm gravity-wave interaction, underestimating wind farm power by about only 2 % compared with the LES results. Conversely, wake models alone, even if combined with a local induction model, cannot distinguish between differences in thermal stratification, and are affected by a first-row over-prediction bias that leads to a consistent overestimation of the wind farm power by 13 % to 20 %.

Two discourses merit discussion in popular culture today: society's attitude to alternate gender identities of theLGBTQ+ spectrum, and whether forms of mass media should bear the social responsibility of equal representation for all. The conversation hinges on how society represents its gender/sexual minorities, and what that, in turn, reflects about the said society. This paper is a cross-cultural examination of these aspects in American and Indian popular cinema and web-series of the last decade. Through a close cultural analysis of select movies and webseries, the status of queer acceptance in both these countries, the secondary areas that the productions engage with, and the gender-roles assigned to queer couples have been examined. This paper argues that there are overarching similarities between the Indian and the American productions in terms of their choice of actors, the internal dilemmas of the characters represented, and their strong 'educational' intent. However, despite the global dominance of American mass culture, Indian representations and their reception by the audience also shows important deviations.

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