Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of “high risk” patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.
Острый калькулезный холецистит является очень распространенным заболеванием, с которым связаны определенные неясности. Для того чтобы устранить эти белые пятна, Всемирное общество неотложной хирургии (World Society of Emergency Surgery-WSES) разработало подробные рекомендации. Обсуждены диагностические критерии, антибактериальная терапия, вид хирургического вмешательства и альтернативы хирургическому пособию. Более того, предложен алгоритм действий при установлении диагноза «острый калькулезный холецистит»: после оценки риска холедохолитиаза следует предлагать выполнение лапароскопической холецистэктомии всем пациентам за исключением имеющих высокий риск осложнений и смерти. Данные рекомендации следует рассматривать в качестве дополнительного инструмента для принятия решения, они не заменяют клинического суждения врача относительно каждого конкретного пациента. Ключевые слова: острый калькулезный холецистит, диагноз, холецистэктомия, камни желчевыводящих путей, хирургический риск, чрескожное дренирование желчного пузыря, эндоскопическая ультрасонография, магнитный резонанс, антибиотик, абдоминальная инфекция.
Background: Actinomycosis is a rare, insidious, infectious disease. Cervicofacial, thoracic and abdominopelvic districts are most commonly involved. Its tendency to involve surrounding structures may mimic a tumor on imaging studies. Early diagnosis, obtained with mini-invasive methods or surgical biopsy, is fundamental to optimize therapeutic approach and to reduce morbidity due to aggressive surgery. Antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of actinomycosis, but the combination with a surgical resection can be necessary in patients who do not respond to medical treatment. Methods: A 66-years old female presented at our attention with an abdominal, retroperitoneal mass found during clinical tests for a vertiginous syndrome. Patient presented with asthenia, anorexia, weight loss, and sacral pain. A retroperitoneal mass, studied with Computed tomography (CT) and Positron emission tomography (PET), was found. No inflammatory signs were found in laboratory tests. Previous core biopsies did not provide the expected results. Cause of that, the patient was prepared for a surgical laparoscopic biopsy and ureteral stenting. After frozen biopsies, histological findings have identified filaments of Actinomyces. No apparent cause of this infection has been identified at first exploration. Results: The patient was treated with antibiotic therapy for three months (Amoxicillin: 1g three times daily). At three months first follow-up, the CT shows the reduction of the retroperitoneal mass and the presence of diverticulosis of the sigma near the mass, in absence of signs of fistulisation. Conclusion: Abdominopelvic actinomycosis should be considered in patients with unusual abdominal mass on abdominal CT or PET. Early diagnosis is necessary to avoid aggressive surgery and its morbidities. Open/laparoscopic surgical biopsy is often necessary to identify the infection. Antibiotic therapy is the standard treatment but surgery can help to optimize medical approach removing necrotic tissue and persistent sinuses.
BACKGROUND: Treatment option and timing for surgery in case of acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is still a matter of discussion. Tokyo Guidelines (TG13) offers some rules but they don't reflect entirely the information of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). This study aimed to draw some consideration from our practice in the application of the guidelines and put forward the clinical, economic and organizational effect of it.
Unfortunately, the original version of this article [1] contained an error in the spelling of an author's name. The surname is written as Koka, but should be spelt as Khokha.
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