Abstract. Modern measurement technologies are commonly applied to monitor and preserve the cultural heritage as it is an integral part of modern societies. The Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) method is one of the common technologies investigated by the researchers for accurate data acquisition and processing required for architectural documentation. In recent years, many methods were developed for TLS data registration to improve the processing time and accuracy of the bundle adjustment. The aim of this research is to compare the existing TLS target-based registration methods and compare them with the proposed novel method based on the reliability assessment- the robustness analysis. The novel feature-based approach also includes 2D detectors, which were applied to the TLS data converted into spherical images. Measurements were carried out at the Royal Castle in Warsaw using TLS Z+F 5006H and total station Leica TCRP1202. The collected data was analysed using existing software Z+F LaserControl, LupoScan and developed the application to perform 2D + 1H / 3D registration. The main results demonstrated that the proposed method for TLS registration removed the outliers that could not be eliminated by the deviation analysis on control and check points. The accuracy of TLS registration increased with a RMSE difference between 0.1 mm and 3.7 mm in comparison to existing methods. Furthermore, the accuracy of the results from 2D detectors was improved with relative orientation RMSE ≤ 2.1 mm and equivalent for control and check points for X, Y, and Z coordinates in comparison to target-based registration.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The paper presents archaeological and architectural research in the Royal Castle in Warsaw where a combination of image- and range-based 3D acquisition was applied. The area examined included excavations situated inside the Tower and near its outer western wall. The work was carried out at various periods and in different weather conditions. As part of the measurements, laser scanning was performed (with a Z+F 5006h scanner) and a series of close-range images were taken. It was important to integrate the data acquired to create a comprehensive documentation of archaeological excavations. When data was acquired from TLS together with photogrammetric data (in different measurement periods), the points' displacements were controlled and analysed. The process of orienting and processing the terrestrial images included photographs taken during the inventory of the tower (Canon 5D Mark II) and photographs provided by the Castle's employees (Canon PowerShot G5 X). Agisoft PhotoScan software was used to orient and process the terrestrial images, and LupoScan for the TLS data. In order to integrate the TLS data and the clouds of points from the photographs from the various stages, they were processed into a raster form; our own software (based on the OpenCV library and the Structure-from-Motion method) and LupoScan software were used to interconnect the multi-temporal and multi-sensor data sets. As a result of processing photographs and TLS data, point clouds in an external reference system were obtained. This data was then used to study the thickness of the walls of the Justice Court Tower, to analyse the course of the retaining wall, and to generate the orthoimages necessary for chronological analysis.</p>

ABSTRACT:Modern measurement technologies are commonly applied not only to monitor Cultural Heritage objects; they are also applied during archaeological excavation works, when it is important to quickly perform measurements. The paper presents multitemporal integration of different image-based (UAV, close-range digital images) and range-based technologies (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), as well as data acquired in different periods, during archaeological works performed at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, especially for the Justice Court Tower. Measurements were performed in several periods, during deep archaeological excavation works. Due to the limited access to excavations different measurement technologies were applied which allowed to perform measurements within short time. As a results, the DSM (Digital Surface Model). the point cloud and orthoimages were generated. All of the products were stored in the GIS system which will be used for the needs of archaeological and architectural analyses.

Nowadays, there are many techniques being developed to increase the knowledge of cultural heritage sites as there are many historical places where the knowledge about their construction and function is not well investigated yet. The example of such monument is the Justice Court Tower at Royal Castle in Warsaw where the excavation of the tower was carried out for archaeological and architectural research. This article demonstrates the integration of digital methods along with excavation work. Three measurement techniques were applied: the close-range terrestrial laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry as well as surveying. It was important to determine the potential route of the wall on the west side of the tower and to determine its relationship with the lowest part of its foundations. The results confirmed that the Tower collapsed in the Middle Ages. The building that has survived to the present day is another one erected on this site. At least two construction phases have been distinguished in the foundation structure. The relic of the wall adjacent to it from the west could have been an element of earlier buildings integrated with the Tower or an autonomous edifice. The study of the torsion angles of the surfaces of the lowest foundation layers in relation to slightly younger upper levels and the parallelism of both adjacent structures allowed to finally resolve this issue.

Abstract. This article presents the current guidelines/standards for architectural documentation in various countries. Available regulations, applicable documents, technical guidelines, and good practices were analysed, together with selected examples of 3D digitisation projects. The results of the evaluation were compared with the guidelines for generating 3D documentation proposed by The Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage (EU) and Europeana. The analyses show no unambiguous hard technical guidelines. Still, there is a set of proposed guidelines and good practices to correctly carry out the 3D digitalisation process and the selection of equipment for the inventory of selected classes of object types. For this reason, it is recommended to detail the guidelines for the selection of equipment and the possible accuracy of the final architectural documentation derived from geospatial data.