In this study, the thermal degradation behavior and kinetic parameters of durian rind were investigated by using the thermogravimetric analysis technique. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 313 – 1,073 K with the heating rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40 Kmin−1. Three model-free methods namely Friedman (FR) method, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method were used to attain the kinetic parameters. The results show that the thermal degradation of durian rind exhibits 3 stages including dehydration stage (up to 380 K), active pyrolysis stage (380 – 680 K) and passive pyrolysis stage (above 680 K). A maximum rate loss shifts to a higher temperature with an increases in the heating rate. The values of kinetic parameters obtained from FR, KAS and FWO methods are in a good agreement with the experimental results. The average activation energies calculated by FR, KAS and FWO methods are reported at 243.02, 220.38 and 218.33 kJmol−1, respectively. Combining with heating value and chemical structure of durian rind, it can be stated that durian rind can become a useful source of alternative fuels and/or chemical feedstocks.

The chemical industries currently release pollutants into air, soil, and water. For rubber industry, large amount of wastewater is produced resulting in huge energy demand for water treatment. However, there are several restriction factors for wastewater treatment i. e., contaminated oil from machinery and foul odour from organic matter caused by microbial enzymes. To overcome these problems, this research focused on wastewater treatment from rubber industry via ozonolysis. Two cases of experiments were carried out in a bubble column with capacity of 500 ml including with and without ozonolysis. Ozone concentration were maintained at 64 mg/L. Samples of 10 ml were collected every 4 h and then analyzed by GC- MS. The BOD, COD, and operating cost were investigated. The results showed that the BOD and COD decrease by 40% when ozonolysis was applied. The colour of wastewater become clear after ozonolysis. In addition, the operating cost of ozonolysis process is lower than that of without ozonolysis.