RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades do carvão vegetal produzido em fornos retangulares industriais, por meio da análise de componentes principais. Para isto, foram amostrados três estoques industriais de carvão vegetal, provenientes dos Forno I e II, com capacidade volumétrica de 500 e 180m 3 de madeira, respectivamente. Determinaramse as características do carvão vegetal, como granulometria média, teor de finos, densidade a granel e composição química imediata. Foram realizadas as análises descritiva e de componentes principais com o objetivo de avaliar as relações entre as propriedades do carvão vegetal. De forma geral, para ambos os fornos, observou-se que a granulometria média teve uma relação negativa com teor de finos, enquanto a densidade a granel, uma relação positiva. No entanto, a relação entre o carbono fixo e teor de cinzas para o Forno I foi direta, e para o II foi inversa. As propriedades do carvão vegetal dos fornos retangulares, de forma geral, apresentam média assimetria. O carvão vegetal possui alta variabilidade nas suas propriedades, no entanto, é possível, por meio de ajustes operacionais, melhorar a qualidade do carvão para o consumidor final.Palavras-chave: análise de componentes principais; carbono fixo; granulometria média Characterization of charcoal produced in industrial rectangular furnaces ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of charcoal produced in industrial rectangular furnaces, using principal components analysis. For this, three industrial stocks of charcoal were sampled from Furnace I and II, with volumetric capacity of 500 and 180m 3 of wood, respectively. The average particle size, fines content, bulk density and proximate composition were determined. Descriptive analysis and principal component analysis were carried out to evaluate the relationships between charcoal properties. In general, for both furnaces, it was found that the average particle size showed a negative relationship with fines content as the bulk density had a positive relationship with the content of fines. However, the relationship between the fixed carbon and ash content for Furnace I was direct, and for Furnace II was inverse. The charcoal properties of the rectangular furnaces, in general, present a medium asymmetry. The charcoal has a high variability in its properties, however, it is possible, by operating adjustments to improve the quality of coal to the consumer.
Palavras-chave:biomassa briquetes energia renovável pellets sustentabilidade RESUMO Objetivou-se discutir as possibilidades de utilização da cama de frango e do resíduo moveleiro do Polo de Ubá, associados ou não, e propor alternativas energéticas sustentáveis para a região da Zona da Mata Mineira. Para tal, foi feito um levantamento da quantidade de resíduos produzidos por essas atividades e extrapolação descritiva do potencial energético baseado em literaturas publicadas. Estimou-se que o volume de cama de frango gerado foi de 78.624 ton/ano. Já o Polo moveleiro de Ubá produz em média 480 ton/ano. Estes resíduos são dispostos no meio ambiente de forma aleatória, sendo caracterizados como passivos ambientais. Em virtude das características de composição da cama de frango e do resíduo moveleiro e da necessidade de se produzir de maneira sustentável pode-se adotar estas biomassas como alternativas energéticas locais para geração de energia descentralizada.Isto pode ocorrer através da produção de briquetes e de pellets mistos e nos seus diversos processos de aproveitamento (combustão, gaseificação, co-geração) em alguns setores produtivos da região. No entanto, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros para avaliar a emissão dos poluentes atmosféricos nocivos que possam vir a ser gerados durante seu aproveitamento energético. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to discuss the possibilities of using the bed of chicken and lumber waste produced in the city of Ubá, associated or not, and propose sustainable energy alternatives for the region of Mata Mineira. For this, a survey was undertaken to determine the amount of waste produced by these activities and the descriptive extrapolation of the energy potential based on published literature. The volume of chicken litter generated estimated was 78,624 tons/year; the furniture pole in Ubá was estimated to produce an average of 480 tons/year. These residues are randomly disposed in the environment and are characterized as environmental liabilities. Due to the composition characteristics of the chicken litter and the lumber waste and the need to produce in a sustainable way, these biomasses can be adopted as local energetic alternatives for decentralized energy generation. This can occur through the production of mixed briquettes and pellets and in their various processes of utilization (combustion, gasification, cogeneration) in some productive sectors of the region. However, future studies are necessary to evaluate the emission of harmful air pollutants that may be generated during its energy use.
RESUMOEste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar chapas de partículas do tipo aglomerado convencional, chapas tipo Medium Density Particleboard (MDP) e as do tipo aglomerado com inclusão laminar. As chapas avaliadas foram fabricadas com partículas de Acacia mangium e no aglomerado com inclusão laminar utilizaram-se lâminas de Schizolobium amazonicum. O aglomerado convencional e o aglomerado com inclusão laminar apresentaram umidade de equilíbrio higroscópico estatisticamente superior ao MDP. O aglomerado com inclusão laminar apresentou maior índice de inchamento em espessura após duas horas de imersão em água, valores de módulo de ruptura em flexão estática maiores e maior resistência ao arrancamento de parafuso. As chapas do tipo MDP apresentaram maior resistência à tração perpendicular. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas demais propriedades. Conclui-se que a inclusão laminar melhorou o módulo de ruptura e o arrancamento de parafuso, enquanto a utilização de partículas finas nas faces melhorou as propriedades físicas das chapas.Palavras-chave: aglomerado convencional, painel de partículas de média densidade, inclusão laminar. Effect of Particleboard Type in Physical and Mechanical Properties ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of conventional agglomerate, medium density particleboard and agglomerate with laminate inclusion. Particleboards were made of Acacia mangium particles and laminas of Schizolobium amazonicum were used to produce agglomerate with laminate inclusion. Conventional agglomerate and agglomerate with laminate inclusion showed hygroscopic equilibrium moisture statistically superior to MDP. Agglomerate with laminate inclusion showed the highest rate of thickness swelling after 2 hours of immersion in water, the highest modulus of rupture in bending strength and the best screw withdraw resistance. MDP presented the highest mean value of board internal bond strength. There were no significant differences in other evaluated properties. It was concluded that laminate inclusion improved modulus of rupture and screw withdraw resistance while the use of fine particles on the faces improved physical properties of the particleboards.
The friability, an important quality parameter, is the ability of charcoal to generate fines when it is moved. However, there is no standard for determining the compressive strength of charcoal beds. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate some test parameters for determining the generation of charcoal fines in a manual hydraulic press. Charcoal was produced with eucalyptus logs 7 years old, diameters of 10 to 12 cm, and length of 1 m in a circular surface kiln, with a maximum carbonization temperature of 400 ºC and a total time of 58 hours. For methodology evaluation, charcoal mechanical tests were performed in a manual hydraulic press, using as test variables four charcoal granulometric ranges (12.7 to 19.5; 19.5 to 25.4; 25.4 to 31.7 and 31.7 to 50.8 mm) and five compressive loads (1; 1.5; 2; 3 and 5 t). The reference was the drum test. The method of evaluating the mechanical strength using a manual hydraulic press is suitable for determining the strength of a charcoal bed, because it represents the efforts that charcoal supports in industrial systems. The test parameters recommended for determining the mechanical strength of charcoal, using a manual hydraulic press, are: compressive load of one ton; charcoal with granulometry of 19.5 to 50.8 mm; average velocity of force application of 1 mm s -1 ; and, charcoal time under pressure equal to 1 min.
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