A nationwide seroepidemiological study of hepatitis B markers prevalence was conducted in Ethiopia on 5,270 young males from all regions of the country. Overall prevalence rates were 10.8% for HBsAg and 73.3% for "at least one marker positive"; a remarkable geographical and ethnic variability of marker prevalence was observed, reflecting the wide differences existing in Ethiopia in sociocultural environment and activities such as tribal practices and traditional surgery. Sexual practices and medical exposure also play some role as determinants of hepatitis B marker prevalence in Ethiopia. General preventive measures, with particular reference to health education, by affecting incriminating habits and practices could have some impact on infection rates in Ethiopia, in the absence of a vaccination strategy presently unrealistic in this region of the world.

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The natural history of allergic rhinitis (AR) is commonly characterized by worsening of symptom severity, frequent comorbidity with asthma, and polysensitization to aeroallergens. The polysensitization phenomenon starts in early childhood. AR classification has been recently revised, and some studies investigated the new types: intermittent (IAR) and persistent (PER) AR. However, no study has been carried out on children regarding this issue. This preliminary study was performed on a large cohort of children with allergic rhinitis to evaluate the type and severity of rhinitis and its possible association with asthma, including severity grade. One hundred and thirty-nine children (86 males, 53 females, mean age 11.8 years, range 3.5–17.7 years) with allergic rhinitis were prospectively and consecutively evaluated. Seventy-one children had rhinitis alone and 68 had rhinitis associated with asthma. Forty children had IAR, 30 of whom with moderate-severe grade. Ninety-nine children had PER, 65 of whom had moderate-severe grade. The severity of AR was not associated with asthma presence (Fisher χ2 = 0.5765; Prob.=0.9018). Regarding asthma severity, 30 children had the intermittent form, whereas 38 had the persistent form: 15 mild, 22 moderate, and 1 severe. This study provides the first evidence concerning the ARIA classification in children, partially confirming findings obtained in adulthood.

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