In modern power electronic systems voltages across inductors or transformers generally show rectangular shapes, including periods of zero voltage. In the stage of zero applied voltage (constant flux) core losses are not necessarily zero. At the beginning of a period of constant flux losses still occur in the material. This is due to relaxation processes. A physical explanation about magnetic relaxation is given and a new core loss modeling approach that takes such relaxation effects into consideration is introduced. The new loss model is called i 2 GSE and has been verified experimentally.

To have units work out properly, the Steinmetz equation should actually be written Pv = k f f ref α B Bref β . However, it is very common to use (1) and implicitly assume B ref = 1 T and f ref = 1 Hz (or another set of units).

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