Malaysia is located at the stable part of the tec-tonic Sundaland platelet in SE Asia. The platelet is surrounded in almost every direction by tectonically active convergent boundaries, at which the Philippine Sea, the Australian and the Indian Plates are subducting respectively from the East, South and West.The current Malaysia geodetic reference frame called MGRF2000 is a static reference frame and hence did not incorporate the effects of plate motion and the ensuing deformation from (megath-rust) earthquakes. To prevent degradation of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) coordinates, a new time-dependent national reference frame was developed. Taking advantage of the availability of the GNSS data of the CORS network in Malaysia, notably the Malaysia Active GPS System (MASS) and Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet), a more accurate and robust Malaysian geodetic reference frame was determined, fully aligned and compatible with ITRF2014. The cumulative solution obtained from stacking Malaysian CORS position time series formed the basis of the new MGRF2020 realization. It consists of 100+ station positions at epoch 2020.0, station velocities and Post-Seismic Deformation (PSD) parametric models for stations subjected to major earthquakes. The (1999-2018) position time series exhibit Weighted Mean Root Square (WRMS) values of 3.0, 3.2 and 7.6 mm in respectively the East, North and Vertical components. A new semi-kinematic geodetic datum (GDM2020) for Malaysia, useable for GIS, mapping and cadastre applications is proposed to replace the existing static datum (GDM2000). A transformation suite to convert the spatial databases from GDM2000 to GDM2020 was also developed.

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The internal combustion process to move the vehicles had indirectly releasing waste heat into the environment which contributed to global warming. Thermal-electric Cell (TEC) is a device that able to convert thermal energy to electrical energy cleanly. The TECs system work when it is sandwiched between the hot and cold side. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of tapping a waste heat using thermoelectric cell (TEC) from car exhaust. The experiment had been carried out in stagnation condition in the laboratory using 1500 cc petrol engine DOHC (4G91). Four TECs (SP1848-27145) were connected in series on the top of exhaust muffler. The experiments were run in two type of cooling methods using air flow from standing fan and the flowing cold water. The maximum voltage of 2.42V was produced when temperature difference, DT reached 83°C. The LED bulbs were connected to TEC and light up when the voltage of 1.60V is obtained. The results have proved that the temperature difference between two sides is the dominant effect to determine the TEC performance. The generated power could be utilized to power an auxiliary application in the vehicle itself.