The diffusion equation of cosmic-ray nucleons is exactly integrated using the successive approximation method for a general distribution of the primary component, and taking into account the rising nucleon-air cross sections with energy. The interaction probability law for the nucleon in the atmosphere is obtained as a consequence of the respective diffusion equation. If the nucleon-air cross sections rise logarithmically, this probability law assumes a binomial form, and for the constant cross section, it is purely Poissonian. The well known approximate solution is compared with our exact solution. It is found that the former always gives a nucleon number greater than ours by, for example, 15-25% in the energy region 30-10 000 GeV at sea level in the case of the mean inelasticity ⟨κ⟩ = 0.60. It is also shown that a fairly accurate description of nucleon flux at sea level (1030 g cm-2) and hadron intensities at 840 g cm-2 and at 1030 g cm-2 are obtained with ⟨κ⟩ varying between 0.55 and 0.60.

Hadron diffusion equations are solved using an alternative analytical method based on depth-like ordered exponential operators, similar to those used by Feynman. With this method, these equations are solvable for any form of the primary spectrum (an improvement compared with other methods). The muon fluxes generated by these hadronic showers are then obtained for zenith angles covering 0°–89°. A comparison of our calculations for the vertical and horizontal muon fluxes with experimental data and with another theoretical calculation is made. The agreement between them is in general very good, greater than 90%.

No abstract

No abstract

The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) linear IFMIF prototype accelerator injector dedicated to high intensity deuteron beam production has been designed, built, and tested at CEA/Saclay between 2008 and 2012. After the completion of the acceptance tests at Saclay, the injector has been fully sent to Japan. The re-assembly of the injector has been performed between March and May 2014. Then after the check-out phase, the production of the first proton beam occurred in November 2014. Hydrogen and deuteron beam commissioning is now in progress after having proceeded with the final tests on the entire injector equipment including high power diagnostics. This article reports the different phases of the injector installation pointing out the safety and security needs, as well as the first beam production results in Japan and chopper tests. Detailed operation and commissioning results (with H(+) and D(+) 100 keV beams) are reported in a second article.