Our results, although indicating smaller effect sizes than previous meta-analyses, do support the moderate efficacy of BIs. Further research is outlined.

Our results support the equality of outcomes among men and women achieved by brief interventions for hazardous alcohol consumption in primary care settings.

No abstract

This article reports a meta-analysis of seven independent studies on the association of tardive dyskinesia with all-cause mortality in psychiatric patients. Most of the studies included provide either small sample sizes or follow-up periods too short to reach a substantive conclusion on their own. In the meta-analysis, the overall odds ratio (OR) was significant when calculated either by the fixed-effects model (OR = 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-1.7, p < 0.005) or the random-effects model (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.8, p < 0.005). There was no overall heterogeneity (Q test = 8.1, df = 7,p = 0.32). The overall estimate changed within study designs (OR = 1.4,p = 0.002 in three prospective controlled studies; OR = 2.2, p = 0.02 in two prospective uncontrolled studies; and OR = 0.9, p = 0.80 in two retrospective controlled studies). It was modified upward when the two most influential studies (one prospective and one retrospective) were removed from the overview (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.4-3.5,p = 0.001; Q test = 0.81, df = 4,p = 0.94). The conclusion of the meta-analysis was that tardive dyskinesia must be considered a weak risk factor in terms of mortality. It remains to be elucidated whether it is a risk factor on its own or just a surrogate for any unknown organic liability.