A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the college of Agriculture - University of Anbar (alternative location) during winter seasons in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. To study the effect of spraying with four concentrations of Humiforte 0, 2, 4 and 6 L.ha−1 on growth and yield of four Oats cultivars. The layout of the experiment was split plot design according to RCBD design with three replicates. The results showed the following: The characters of the yield and yield components of oats were studied in terms of performance and variability and calculated the values of genetic and environmental variability and the heterogeneity, phenotypic and inheritance. The highest percentage of genetic variations to the environment 7.2, 10.9 and 13, 7 for the flag leaf area and the number of grains by the raceme in both seasons. the highest percentage of heritability was found in flag leaf area reached 87.8%, 91.60 and the number of grains by the raceme which reached 92.72% and 87.36% in both seasons. The concentration of 6 L.ha−1 was superior compared to the other concentrations in plant height, leaf area, number of branches per plant, leaf content of chlorophyll, yield components and grain yield 6.01 and 6.29 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. Genzaniya and Hamel cultivars gave the lowest number of days to reach the flowering stage, while Gensaniya cultivar gave the highest plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll leaf content, number of grains by raceme and grain yield 5.47 and 6.48 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. However, Shefaa was superior in the weight of 500 grains in both seasons. The interaction between the study factors was significant in most of the studied characters. The treatment of Gensaniya at the concentration of 6 L.ha−1 gave the highest grain yield reached 6.86 and 7.22 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. We conclude from this results that most components of the crop are more influenced by genetics factors. Therefore, we recommend the adoption of the number of grains per raceme in the assessment of productive capacity of the oats grains.

Stress is any physiological, physical or chemical change that leads to disturbance and imbalance in the plant. Water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth and production. It is also known as the lack of available water in the soil to be absorbed by the plant at a stage of its growth, or the inability of the plant. On the absorption of water even if it is naturally present in the root environment due to the force affecting the holding of water molecules, as it was described as the state in which the amount of water absorbed by the roots is less than the water lost through transpiration from the vegetative system, meaning that it is the state in which the effort The water content of the plant and the fullness of its cells is low to a degree that affects the conduct of vital and physiological processes. During the occurrence of water stress, as the term “drought” is not accurate in the sense used, but it is sometimes expressed as the phenomenon of water shortage as a result of climatic elements of multiple weather conditions, As for the agricultural concept of drought (Agricultural Drought), it is according to the growth and formation of the crop, and it is assumed that it begins when the ready water is drained from the root zone, plant goes through three stages: First stage increases the water loss and the transpiration process until it reaches a point where the amount of water lost by transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed by the roots. On the water balance between these two processes in adaptation, and when the water stress intensifies, the plant moves to the third stage, after which the plants lose a large part of the water through transpiration, the stomata are closed and the photosynthesis process stops. Therefore water stress (drought) alone is one of the most influential environmental stresses in reducing maize productivity, Therefore, the role of the plant breeder came through the implementation of breeding programs for hybridization and selection until it obtains a plant adapted to drought through the occurrence of morphological changes that make plants phenotypically adaptable to conditions of lack of water and includes an increase in root size and reduction of leaf area.

The research was applied in one of the farmers’ fields in Al-Khalidiyah / Anbar Governorate to determine the most appropriate traits to improve the yield of wheat grains during the two seasons 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design with three replicates, with aim of studying the path coefficient of the yield and its components for seven varieties of bread wheat (IPA 99, Buhooth 85, Iraq, Abu Ghraib 3, Tamoz 2, Sham 6, and Al-Rasheed). Most of the traits showed a significant positive correlation with grain yield. Also, the results of the analysis of the genetic path coefficient indicated that the indirect effect of the number of total tillers on the individual plant yield through the number of productive tillers, was 0.729 and 0.805 for the two seasons respectively, and very close to the direct effect of the number of productive tillers in the individual plant yield 0.887, 0.920. Also, the direct effect of the weight of 1000 grains on the yield of the plant was positive 0.514, 0.707, for the two seasons respectively, and its negative indirect effect of the number of productive tillers. Likewise, the direct effect was positive for the harvest index on individual plant yield and its indirect positive effect with the number of productive tillers. The study recommends focusing on breeding and improvement programs on the characteristics of the number of productive tillers, the weight of 1000 grains, and the harvest index is the best selection index to improve the cereal yield due to its significant correlation and its direct and high impact on the yield.

A field experiment was carried out using four inbred lines of maize BK112, Inb17, ZP607 and Zm6, as they were entered into half-diallel cross-breeding program in the fall season 2019, and 10 genotypes (6 crosses + 4 parents) were obtained according to the second Griffing method, the first model, in the spring season of 2020, the behavior of these inbreds and their hybrids were evaluated with three irrigation intervals with the aim of obtaining one or more distinct hybrids of pure strains derived from maize Zea mays L. under the irrigation interval and the study of hybrid vigor. The experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Anbar Governorate, using the RCBD randomized complete block design (split – plot) with three replications. The irrigation interval (4, 8 and 12) days occupied the main plots, while the inbred and hybrids occupied the sub-plots. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant effect of genotypes on the studied traits. The studied hybrids Zm6 × ZP607 were distinguished by their weight of 300 grains and the grain yield (85.83 g and 186.70 g) respectively. The plants grown under the irrigation interval 4 days outperformed the grain yield of the plant by giving it the highest yield of 156.03 g. It did not differ significantly with the 8-day irrigation interval, while the yield decreased significantly at the 12-day irrigation interval with a decrease of 120.8% and 120.5% than the 4 and 8 irrigation treatments, respectively. It was also found that the interaction was significant and reached the highest grain yield with an irrigation interval of 8 days, 224.0 g. The hybrid Zm6 × ZP607 gave the highest positive hybrid vigor for individual plant yield, which was 119.24%, 126.72% and 166.05% for the irrigation interval of 4, 8 and 12 days, respectively. Therefore, the plant breeder can use the characteristics of the yield components as selection guides with the superior hybrids in yield and the strength of the hybrid.

A field experiment was carried out in Zakhikha village in Heet district, Anbar governorate – Iraq during the winter season 2020-2021 in order to study the effect of sowing dates on the growth and yield of five cultivars of flax. The experiment was applied by arranging the split plots according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications, main plots included four sowing dates (15th October, 1st November, 15th November and 1st December), while the secondary plots were filled with (Sub-plots). Five types of flax (Sakha1, Sakha4, Sakha5, Sakha6, and local). The most important results are summarized as follows: Sakha6 was superior in most of the studied traits, with both the highest values for plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of capsules per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, and seed yield reached 109.40 cm, 21.02 branch plant -1, 62.32 capsule plant-1, 7.83 g and 2.377 ton ha-1, except for characteristic of the number of seeds per capsule in which the variety Sakha5 outperformed, recording 8.63 seeds capsule-1. The plants sown on the date 15 th November outperformed in the number of fruiting branches, the number of capsules per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, and the grain yield reached 20.26 branches plant-1, 64.18 capsules plant -1, 7.07 g and 2.402 ton ha-1, while the plants of the first date of 15 th October outperformed with the highest in all these The average plant height trait was 131.17 cm, while the 1st December plants outperformed with the highest average number of seeds per capsule amount to 8.24 seeds per capsule-1.