A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the college of Agriculture - University of Anbar (alternative location) during winter seasons in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. To study the effect of spraying with four concentrations of Humiforte 0, 2, 4 and 6 L.ha−1 on growth and yield of four Oats cultivars. The layout of the experiment was split plot design according to RCBD design with three replicates. The results showed the following: The characters of the yield and yield components of oats were studied in terms of performance and variability and calculated the values of genetic and environmental variability and the heterogeneity, phenotypic and inheritance. The highest percentage of genetic variations to the environment 7.2, 10.9 and 13, 7 for the flag leaf area and the number of grains by the raceme in both seasons. the highest percentage of heritability was found in flag leaf area reached 87.8%, 91.60 and the number of grains by the raceme which reached 92.72% and 87.36% in both seasons. The concentration of 6 L.ha−1 was superior compared to the other concentrations in plant height, leaf area, number of branches per plant, leaf content of chlorophyll, yield components and grain yield 6.01 and 6.29 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. Genzaniya and Hamel cultivars gave the lowest number of days to reach the flowering stage, while Gensaniya cultivar gave the highest plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll leaf content, number of grains by raceme and grain yield 5.47 and 6.48 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. However, Shefaa was superior in the weight of 500 grains in both seasons. The interaction between the study factors was significant in most of the studied characters. The treatment of Gensaniya at the concentration of 6 L.ha−1 gave the highest grain yield reached 6.86 and 7.22 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. We conclude from this results that most components of the crop are more influenced by genetics factors. Therefore, we recommend the adoption of the number of grains per raceme in the assessment of productive capacity of the oats grains.

No abstract

Stress is any physiological, physical or chemical change that leads to disturbance and imbalance in the plant. Water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth and production. It is also known as the lack of available water in the soil to be absorbed by the plant at a stage of its growth, or the inability of the plant. On the absorption of water even if it is naturally present in the root environment due to the force affecting the holding of water molecules, as it was described as the state in which the amount of water absorbed by the roots is less than the water lost through transpiration from the vegetative system, meaning that it is the state in which the effort The water content of the plant and the fullness of its cells is low to a degree that affects the conduct of vital and physiological processes. During the occurrence of water stress, as the term “drought” is not accurate in the sense used, but it is sometimes expressed as the phenomenon of water shortage as a result of climatic elements of multiple weather conditions, As for the agricultural concept of drought (Agricultural Drought), it is according to the growth and formation of the crop, and it is assumed that it begins when the ready water is drained from the root zone, plant goes through three stages: First stage increases the water loss and the transpiration process until it reaches a point where the amount of water lost by transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed by the roots. On the water balance between these two processes in adaptation, and when the water stress intensifies, the plant moves to the third stage, after which the plants lose a large part of the water through transpiration, the stomata are closed and the photosynthesis process stops. Therefore water stress (drought) alone is one of the most influential environmental stresses in reducing maize productivity, Therefore, the role of the plant breeder came through the implementation of breeding programs for hybridization and selection until it obtains a plant adapted to drought through the occurrence of morphological changes that make plants phenotypically adaptable to conditions of lack of water and includes an increase in root size and reduction of leaf area.

The research was applied in one of the farmers’ fields in Al-Khalidiyah / Anbar Governorate to determine the most appropriate traits to improve the yield of wheat grains during the two seasons 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design with three replicates, with aim of studying the path coefficient of the yield and its components for seven varieties of bread wheat (IPA 99, Buhooth 85, Iraq, Abu Ghraib 3, Tamoz 2, Sham 6, and Al-Rasheed). Most of the traits showed a significant positive correlation with grain yield. Also, the results of the analysis of the genetic path coefficient indicated that the indirect effect of the number of total tillers on the individual plant yield through the number of productive tillers, was 0.729 and 0.805 for the two seasons respectively, and very close to the direct effect of the number of productive tillers in the individual plant yield 0.887, 0.920. Also, the direct effect of the weight of 1000 grains on the yield of the plant was positive 0.514, 0.707, for the two seasons respectively, and its negative indirect effect of the number of productive tillers. Likewise, the direct effect was positive for the harvest index on individual plant yield and its indirect positive effect with the number of productive tillers. The study recommends focusing on breeding and improvement programs on the characteristics of the number of productive tillers, the weight of 1000 grains, and the harvest index is the best selection index to improve the cereal yield due to its significant correlation and its direct and high impact on the yield.

The experiment was carried out in 2022 in the biotechnology laboratories of the Agricultural Research Department - Ministry of Science and Technology with the aim of studying the molecular variations between 5 barley cultivars (Samir, Aksad, Amal, Buraq and IPA 265) in order to estimate the genetic divergence and determine the degree of genetic kinship between them. In order to be used for the production of hybrids, the RAPD technology was used, based on PCR technology and 12 primers. A 20 with a molecular weight that ranged between 150 - 2000 bp The total number and %age of differentiated cuts were 92 and 80% respectively The starter H 9 gave the highest %age of differentiated cuts amounting to 90.9% while the primer A 20 showed the lowest %age of differentiated cuts amounting to 57.1% The highest primers efficiency was 11.3% in the A15 primer and the highest differentiating ability was 11.9% in the H9 and A15 primers, and based on the data of the molecular index and genetic similarity using the UPGMA method in the linkage scheme, the two were separated. Varieties in two main groups, one group containing S5 (class Aba 265), and the second group containing the rest of the varieties according to the nearest neighbor method. The lowest genetic similarity and the degree of genetic kinship (the highest genetic divergence) between the cultivars was 0.61 between the two cultivars S1 x S5 (IPA 265 x Samir) as well as 0.62 between the two cultivars S2 x S5 (Aksad x IPA 265) and the highest genetic similarity (ie, the lowest genetic dimension)) It was between the two categories S3 x S4 (Amal x Buraq) and it amounted to 0.86. The results indicated that RAPD parameters are highly efficient in diagnosing purity and genetic divergence between barley genotypes.