Хронический генерализованный пародонтит (ХГП) широко распространен во всем мире. У больных снижается качество жизни, поэтому лечение данного заболевания является актуальной проблемой стоматологии. В настоящий момент терапию ХГП в Российской Федерации проводят по стандарту, не учитывающему важнейшую составляющую пародонта — мукозный барьер. Его состояние зависит от многих факторов, в том числе уровня секреторного иммуноглобулина А (s-IgA). Целью исследования было оценить состояние мукозного барьера для обоснования применения методов терапии, позволяющих восстановить его эффективность. В качестве инструмента для оценки эффективности слизистого барьера мы использовали уровень s-IgA, который определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Мы показали, что в ротовой жидкости у больных ХГП уровень s-IgA значительно снижен по сравнению со здоровыми. Проведенная стандартная терапия повышает его уровень, но он остается достоверно ниже, чем у здоровых (54,6 ± 30,5 мкг/мл; 151,2 ± 105,2 мкг/мл соответственно). Увеличение проницаемости слизистого барьера приводит к появлению s-IgA в сыворотке периферической крови, причем его концентрация возрастает после проведенной терапии с 0,21 ± 0,28 мкг/мл до 0,35 ± 0,47 мкг/мл, что свидетельствует о значительных нарушениях целостности мукозного барьера у больных ХГП и о необходимости учитывать эти нарушения при проведении терапевтических мероприятий.
This article provides a systematic review of studies on the composition of leech saliva secretions, the method of hirudotherapy, and the results of hirudotherapy in complex treatment. The following databases were used to search for the study: Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, and Global Health. When using known methods of treatment, there is often no stability of results, this is explained by the search for new drugs and methods for treating periodontitis. It is known that the secret of the salivary glands of the medical leech contains more than 100 biologically active substances. The therapeutic effect of hirudotherapy is associated with the mechanical discharge of blood flow and the action of a complex salivary gland secretion of a medical leech. The molecules that exist in leech saliva and are the most studied to date include active substances such as hyaluronidase, hirudin, Kalin, destabilase, bdellins, histamine-like substances, hirustazine, factor XA inhibitor, and collagenase. It is scientifically proven that hirudotherapy leads to a significant improvement in the clinical condition of periodontal tissues, is simple, accessible, and can be recommended for use in the practice of periodontists.
Generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) is a widespread disease. It has a serious negative impact on the quality of a patient’s life, posing a challenge to dentists all over the world. At present, standard therapy regimens for GCP adopted in the Russian Federation do not account for the mucosal barrier state, which is determined by a number of various factors, including the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). In our study, we attempted to assess the functional state of the mucosal barrier in patients with GCP and to provide a rationale for using immunotherapy aimed at restoring the effective barrier function of the oral mucosa. SIgA concentrations, which served as an indicator of the mucosal barrier state, were measured with ELISA. We found that patients with GCP had significantly lower sIgA concentrations in the oral fluid in comparison with healthy individuals. Although therapeutic procedures did help to increase sIgA levels, they still were much lower after therapy than in healthy volunteers (54.6 ± 30.5 µg/ml vs 151.2 ± 105.2 µg/ml). Increased permeability of the mucosal barrier caused sIgA to leak into the peripheral blood serum, where its concentration grew from 0.21 ± 0.28 µg/ml to 0.35 ± 0.47 µg/ml during the treatment course, suggesting damage to the mucosal integrity. This fact needs to be accounted for when treating patients with GCP.
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