In ongoing decades, material researchers and scientists are giving more consideration towards the improvement of biobased polymer composites as various employments of items arranged by natural fibres and petrochemical polymers prompt natural awkwardness. The goal of this review paper is to provide an intensive review and applications of the foremost appropriate commonly used biodegradable polymer composites. It is imperative to build up the completely/incompletely biodegradable polymer composites without bargaining the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties which are required for the end-use applications. This reality roused to create biocomposite with better execution alongside the least natural effect. The utilization of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites is concerned with the mechanical properties that are highly dependent on the morphology, hydrophilic tendency, aspect ratio, and dimensional stability of the natural fibre. With this in-depth consideration of eco-friendly biocomposites, structural application materials in the infrastructure, automotive industry, and consumer applications of the following decade are attainable within the near future.

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Wireless networks with a large number of peer nodes are known as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In MANETs, the mobility of nodes causes a number of challenges, including path preservation, battery life, safety, dependability, and unexpected connection characteristics. As a result, the network’s quality of service (QoS) would be compromised (QoS). For the discovery and maintenance of pathways in MANETs, the routing protocol is critical. By implementing the multicast routing protocol, the MANET network’s reliability may be improved significantly. Evaluation of multicast routing for quality of service (QoS) is the primary goal of this study. In multicasting, data packets from one node are transmitted to a set of receiver nodes at a time, simultaneously. Multicasting reduces transmission costs. Cluster head selection is one of the challenges in MANET. This proposed research paper optimal route selection (ORS) provides the cluster head selection and alternate cluster head selection for avoiding the failure of the cluster head, generation of the optimal path between the cluster head and member node based on reliability pair factor and node’s energy, and establishment of the path based on maximum energy and number of hops between the nodes (minimum number of hops). In comparison to existing methods, ORS is more effective in the energy-efficient path between base station and cluster head, and member node is provided by an ORS route. Results show that the proposed ORSMAN has higher throughput, minimum latency, minimum jitter, and maximum packet delivery ratio, when compared to the existing methodologies.

A defective casting leads to a tremendous loss of productivity [1]. Ductile cast iron has excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength, good ductility, good wear resistance and good fatigue properties. The properties of ductile cast iron are dependent on both chemistry and heat treatment [2]. Many steel components are replaced by ductile iron due to high strength to weight ratio and range of properties. Ductile iron provides a good combination of strength and ductility due to the presence of spheroid graphite [3]. Modification of various alloys is a well known process for improving the properties by changes of microstructure [4]. Even small changes in element content lead to statistically significant increases or decreases in mechanical properties of cast iron. Proper selection of process parameters is necessary in order to obtain a good quality and subsequently increase the productivity of the process [5]. Carbon equivalent

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