BackgroundChronic pain is common in multimorbid patients. However, little is known about the implications of chronic pain and analgesic treatment on multimorbid patients. This study aimed to assess chronic pain therapy with regard to the interaction potential in a sample of inpatients with multiple chronic conditions.Methods and FindingsWe conducted a retrospective study with all multimorbid inpatients aged ≥18 years admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital Zurich in 2011 (n = 1,039 patients). Data were extracted from the electronic health records and reviewed. We identified 433 hospitalizations of patients with chronic pain and analyzed their combinations of chronic conditions (multimorbidity). We then classified all analgesic prescriptions according to the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder. Furthermore, we used a Swiss drug-drug interactions knowledge base to identify potential interactions between opioids and other drug classes, in particular coanalgesics and other concomitant drugs. Chronic pain was present in 38% of patients with multimorbidity. On average, patients with chronic pain were aged 65.7 years and had a mean number of 6.6 diagnoses. Hypertension was the most common chronic condition. Chronic back pain was the most common painful condition. Almost 90% of patients were exposed to polypharmacotherapy. Of the chronic pain patients, 71.1% received opioids for moderate to severe pain, 43.4% received coanalgesics. We identified 3,186 potential drug-drug interactions, with 17% classified between analgesics (without coanalgesics).ConclusionsAnalgesic drugs-related DDIs, in particular opioids, in multimorbid patients are often complex and difficult to assess by using DDI knowledge bases alone. Drug-multimorbidity interactions are not sufficiently investigated and understood. Today, the scientific literature is scarce for chronic pain in combination with multiple coexisting medical conditions and medication regimens. Our work may provide useful information to enable further investigations in multimorbidity research within the scope of potential interactions and chronic pain.
The transligamental intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent nerve is established in many surgical clinics as an useful and reliable technique. It is especially suitable to identify the recurrent nerve and to monitor its function during thyroid operation. We have analysed 14 early postoperative recurrent nerve palsies between June 1997 and December 2000 (1,23 % related to nerves at risk). As a result of complete follow up we found 4 permanent nerve palsies (0,35 % related to nerves at risk). In 11 out of 14 cases the neuromonitoring revealed a dysfunction of the recurrent nerve. The following long distance microsurgical preparation showed no interruption of the continuity of the nerve. Knowing the fact of unilateral negative monitoring signal we adapted our operative strategy. Therefore we did not observe bilateral nerve palsies. In 3 patients we found a positive nerve signal but nevertheless these patients showed postoperative unilateral recurrent palsies. The possible reasons are discussed. We are convinced that the neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is an important progress in thyroid surgery.
Mit dem Begriff Kontaktekzem werden durch physikalische oder chemische Einwirkungen auf die Haut verursachte Intoleranzreaktionen bezeichnet. Nur ein Teil derselben ist allergisch bedingt, die Mehrzahl entsteht dosisabhängig nach Überschrei-ten einer individuell unterschiedlichen Toleranzgrenze. Diese irritativen Reaktionen können somit bei jedem Menschen hervorgerufen werden, während allergische Kontaktekzeme eine spezifische Sensibili sierung gegen ein Kontaktallergen voraussetzen.Mittels Epikutantests lassen sich bei 13-25% der gesunden Vorschul-und Schulkinder Kontaktsensibilisierungen nachweisen, die jedoch klinisch häufig nicht von Bedeutung sind. Die möglichst exakte Einordnung der klinischen Relevanz von Hauttestbefunden ist für die Therapie des Ekzems und die Sekundärprophylaxe entscheidend. EpidemiologieDie Prävalenz positiver Epikutantestreaktionen bei unter 18-Jährigen variiert stark. Sie reicht von etwa 13% bei gesunden Kindern und Jugendlichen bis zu 71% bei dermatologischen, insbesondere atopischen Patienten. Eine klinisch relevante Kontaktallergie liegt bei 25-90% der positiv getesteten Kinder vor [2,6,7,16,20, 23, 28]. Aufgrund der großen Spannbreite dieser Zahlen sind Aussagen über die tatsächliche Prävalenz von Kontaktekzemen im Kindesalter kaum möglich, insgesamt scheinen sie aber häufiger, als bisher angenommen, eine Rolle zu spielen.Die meisten Studien zeigten vermehrt Kontaktsensibilisierungen bei weiblichen Probanden [19]. Der wahrscheinlichste Grund dafür ist die frühere und intensivere Exposition gegenüber Kontaktallergenen bei Mädchen; möglicherweise spielen zusätzlich auch hormonelle Faktoren eine Rolle.
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