Zusammenfassung
Die Begriffe Latenzphase und aktive Er?ffnungsphase gliedern die Er?ffnungsperiode und gehen zur?ck auf die Arbeiten des US-amerikanischen Gyn?kologen Emanuel A. Friedman aus den 1950er Jahren. Seither geh?rt diese Differenzierung der Er?ffnungsperiode international sowohl in wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen als auch in der klinischen Praxis zum ?blichen Vorgehen. Auch wenn die Wurzeln f?r die detaillierte Betrachtung und Bewertung der ersten Geburtsphase im deutschsprachigen Raum liegen, hat sie sich in Deutschland bislang nicht fl?chendeckend durchgesetzt. In dieser Analyse ausgew?hlter Hebammenlehrb?cher und geburtshilflicher Lehrb?cher aus 5 Jahrhunderten sowie historischer als auch aktueller wissenschaftlicher Publikationen werden Merkmale und Verlauf der Phasen beschrieben und diskutiert. Die Differenzierung der Er?ffnungsperiode in Latenzphase und aktive Geburtsphase erm?glicht Hebammen und ?rztlichen Geburtshelfern und -helferinnen eine spezifische und individuelle Geburtsleitung und Betreuung der Geb?renden w?hrend der gesamten Geburt.
With the aim of reaching a new classification of psychoses with multiple sclerosis we reviewed the twentieth century literature for observations with regard to the subject, as well as 688 medical records of our patients, looking for the occurrence of paranoid and hallucinatory psychoses in the course of multiple sclerosis. Special attention was paid to the occurrence of cycloid psychoses. With multiple sclerosis, psychoses on the whole--but cycloid psychoses in particular--occur more frequently than in the general population. Women are affected just as frequently as men. Cycloid psychoses occur earlier in the course of the multiple sclerosis than the other psychoses; here, hallucinations occur with a higher frequency. Similar as in the case of HIV-infection, multiple sclerosis can act as a trigger of a cycloid psychosis. The results of our study indicate that men and women experience this disease as similarly threatening. A shortcoming of critical faculties based on the organic disease is an additional factor that favours the outbreak of such a psychosis.
Cada vez mais notamos a presença de dificuldades no processo de ensino-aprendizagem em nossas salas de aula. Por muitas vezes o professor desconhece o assunto, sendo que não há uma formação pedagógica voltada à identificação dessas condições, o que o impede de explorar as potencialidades de seus alunos e minimizar os efeitos negativos das dificuldades de aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar o tópico, evidenciando a necessidade de nós professores estarmos atentos e perceptivos às dificuldades de aprendizagem, de modo a implementar e aprimorar estratégias que visem o desenvolvimento das potencialidades de cada um de nossos alunos. Assim, elencamos diversas estratégias para serem implementadas nas práticas pedagógicas, e por fim, relatamos casos de dificuldades de aprendizagem, e como lidamos em tais situações em aula de língua estrangeira, a fim de compartilharmos nossas experiências e colaborar com outros professores no momento de encarar esse desafio.
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