ObjectiveEvidence suggests that substance P (SP) is involved in chronic joint inflammation, such as the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The goal of the research was to evaluate the correlation between chronic pain and changes in the SP level in patients with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue.MethodsPatients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled in this study. The relationship between chronic pain intensity and the serum SP concentration was evaluated in these groups of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.ResultsThe results showed a positive correlation between the serum SP concentrations and chronic pain intensity.Conclusions1. The SP serum concentration was significantly different between the groups of patients with OA and RA. 2. There was a positive correlation between the serum SP concentration and chronic pain intensity in OA and RA patients.

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ObjectiveThere is a limited information about the role of Substance P (SP) in acute pain nociception following surgical stimulation in patients with a chronic inflammatory state not to mention the link between this neuropeptide level changes and intensity of pain. The goal of the research was to find the correlation between SP level changes and acute pain intensity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.Material and MethodsPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were enrolled in the study. The correlation between acute pain intensity and concentration of SP in serum as well as in drainage fluid from postoperative wound was assessed in patients with RA who underwent Total Knee Replacement (TKA) under spinal anesthesia.ResultsIn patients with RA a correlation between intensity of acute pain and serum SP was found postoperatively, whereas there was no correlation between intensity of acute pain and concentration of SP in drainage fluid.Conclusions1. The correlation between acute pain intensity and SP serum concentration was found postoperatively in patients with RA. 2. The correlation between acute pain intensity and SP concentration in drainage fluid was not found postoperatively in patients with RA.

In the present study, the mechanical properties of granular biomass of pine origin (sawdust, shavings, long shavings and pellets) were determined. The bulk and tapped densities were determined in a cylindrical chamber. The compacted density was measured, and the influence of the moisture content on this quantity was examined in a vane tester. The flowability and strength properties were determined using a direct shear tester (Jenike box) 210 mm in diameter and standard Schulze ring shear tester. The tests in the Jenike tester complied with the Eurocode 1 procedure for normal pressure (σ n) of 15 and 30 kPa and speed of shearing of 0.17 mm s −1. Ring shear testing was conducted using a Schulze annular shear cell of 195 mm outer diameter. Tests were performed for 10 and 20 kPa pre-shear σ n. A prototype vane tester was constructed for determining the torque, shear strength, and relaxation of a consolidated sample of granular biomass. σ n was exerted by a pneumatic system with a rubber air spring and yoke. The torque and density were measured for moisture content in the range of 10-50% and for σ n in the range of 5-30 kPa. The torque was observed to be affected by σ n and the moisture content, whereas no relationship between the torque and the rotational speed was observed.