No abstract

The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of some food additives (turnip leafs and roots, grape leafs and carrot roots) on enhancement colour of koi fish, Cyprinus carpio. Fish were divided into 8 groups in 16 glass aquaria (100 x 30 x 40 cm) with stocking density of 10 fish / aquarium (2 replicate aquaria were assigned for each experimental group). Fish were fed on plain food as a control (C), plain diet+ 5% turnip (T 1), plain diet+ 5% grape (T 2), plain diet+ 5% carrot (T 3), plain diet+ 5% grape + carrot (T 4), plain diet+ 5% grape + turnip (T 5), plain diet+ 5% carrot + turnip (T 6) and plain diet+ 5% turnip + grape + carrot (T 7) over 4 months. Results showed that, the highest amount of the red color pixels was recorded in the treated fish group T 7 (fed on the 3 mixed food additives) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days; followed by that of T 6 (carrot + turnip) at 60 and 90 days and in T 4 (grape +carrot) at 90 and 120 days. Results also revealed that, the highest amount of the yellow color pixels was recorded at 90 and 120 days in the treated fish group T 3 (carrot). But, the highest amount of the yellow color pixels was recorded in T 4 (grape +carrot) at 30 and 60 days; followed by that of T 6 (carrot + turnip) at 60, 90 and 120 days. Results showed that, the highest amount of total color pixels was recorded in T 3 (carrot) at 60, 90 and 120 days; followed by that of T 6 (carrot + turnip) and in T 4 (grape +carrot) at 60, 90 and 120 days. In conclusion the best enhancement of red color in koi fish, C. carpio was recorded in the fish fed on the diet containing 5% of the mixture of all experimental additives (carrot roots+ grape leafs+ turnip leafs and roots). The enhancement of yellow color was recorded in fish fed on the diet containing 5% "carrot roots" for more than 30 days. The enhancement of total color of koi fish, C. carpio was recorded in fish fed on the diet containing 5% "carrot roots, or carrot roots with turnip leafs and roots".

The present study deals with demonstrate the reproductive cycle of the broomtail wrasse, Cheilinus lunulatus which monthly collected from coral reef in Abu Galawa lagoon, Hurghada, Red Sea, during the period from December 2011 to November 2012. Results showed that, the averages of male and female gonadosomatic indices (GSI) were gradually increased during spring and summer months. Irregular trend was recorded to the female hepatosomatic index during all months of the year. It may be due to partially spawning in this fish. Shape, weight, size, colour, texture and structure of gonads were changed with the change of maturity stages. The testicular activity can be classified into five stages: immature stage, stimulating spermatogenesis, rapid spermatogenesis, mature (ripe) testis and Spent testis. Seven stages were recognized during the ovarian activity (previtellogenesis, earlyvitellogenesis, mid-vitellogensis, late-vitellogenesis, pre-spawning, ripe and spent stages). The testicular and ovarian developments were initiated when the day length (photoperiod) and water temperature had begun to increase during March to April. During May to August, however, the gradual increase of both photoperiod and water temperature reached its maximum values, gonads had ensured completion of testicular and ovarian development. It was concluded that Cheilinus lunulatus in Abu-Galawa lagoon of Hurghada, partially spawned during a long spawning season, which extended from May to October. It synchronizes between both males and females with coordination to increasing of both photoperiod and water temperature.

Two field experiments were laid out at El-Bakatoush Village, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons to study the effect of two ridge width (40 and 50 cm), three hill distances (15, 20 and 25 cm) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 30 and 45 kg N/fed/cut) as well as their interactions on growth, yield and quality of stevia plant (Stevia relebaudiana Bertoni) c. v. Spanti. The experiments were laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The obtained results showed that plants sown on narrow ridge (40 cm) gave the highest values of leaf area index per plant, leaves dry weight cut/feddan, stevioside percentage at all cuts, total leaves dry weight per feddan and stevioside yield per feddan in both seasons. On the other hand, ridge width at 50 cm gave the highest number of leaves per plant at all cuts in both seasons. The closer hill spacing (15 cm apart) exceeded the middl and widest hill spacing at (20 and 25 cm which) in all previously mentioned traits, except number of leaves per plant was higher at the wider hill spacing (25 cm apart) at all cuts in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates up to 45 kg N/fed/cut increased values of all studied characters at all cuts in both seasons. Planting stevia plants on ridging width 40 cm and hill distance 15 cm gave the highest values of all studied characters at all cuts in both seasons, except number of leaves per plant. Planting stevia plants on narrow ridge (40 cm) and fertilized with 45 kg N/fed/cut gave the highest averages of all studied characters at all cuts in both seasons, except number of leaves per plant was highest with 50 cm ridge width and 45 kg N/fed/cut. Plants having the close hill (15 cm) and fertilized by 45 kg N/fed/cut gave the highest values of all studied parameters except, number of leaves in both seasons. The highest total leaves dry weight per feddan and stevioside yield per feddan was recorded by sowing plants on narrow ridge (40 cm) and closer hill (15 cm) as well as fertilized by 45 kg N/fed/cut in both seasons.