Objective To explore the influence of socioeconomic position on habitual dietary intake in Colombian cities. Design We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study in five Colombian cities. Dietary intake was assessed with a 157-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire previously developed for the Colombian population. Nutrient analysis was performed using national and international food composition tables. Socioeconomic position was assessed with two indicators: a government-defined, asset-based, household-level index called socioeconomic stratum (SES) and, among adults, highest educational level attained. Setting The five main urban centers of Colombia: Bogotá, Medellin, Barranquilla, Cali and Bucaramanga. Participants Probabilistic, multistage sample of 1865 participants (n=1491 for analyses on education). Results For both sexes, increasing SES was associated with a lower consumption of energy (p-trend <0.001 in both sexes), carbohydrates (p-trend ˂0.001 in both sexes), sodium (p-trend=0.005 in males, <0.001 in females), saturated fatty acids (p-trend <0.001 in both sexes) and among females, cholesterol (p-trend=0.002). More educated men consumed significantly less energy and carbohydrates (p-trend=0.036 and ˂0.001, respectively). Among men, intake of trans fats increased monotonically with educational level, being 21% higher among college graduates relative to those with only elementary education (p-trend=0.023). Among women, higher educational level was associated with higher MUFA intake (p-trend=0.027). Conclusions SES and educational level are strong correlates of the usual diet of urban Colombians. Economically deprived and less educated segments of society display dietary habits that make them vulnerable to chronic diseases and should be the primary target of public health nutrition policies.

Tourism constitutes the more dynamic activity in some coastal areas of Mexico. This paper has as a goal to describe and analyse touristic development and to value its economic, environmental and social impact in the coastal area of the "Integrally Planned Center of Los Cabos". Descriptive analytic statistical techniques are applied, based on the methodology of indicators of sustainable development for touristic destinations of the World Tourism Organization. The research descriptive considering two analysis periods: the year 2000, when the destination reaches maturity or consolidation, and 2015, year that represents an inflection point in the touristic, economic and social matters, this because of the effects of the "Odile" hurricane, situation that propitiate a relative process of resilience in Los Cabos. The document incorporates three sections; first the analytic and contextual framework is exposed which describes the Los Cabos evolution since its creation as an international touristic destination and the impact that such activity has propitiated on the local sustainable development in the coastal touristic cities belonging to the conurbation of San Jose del Cabo-Cabo San Lucas. Afterwards, we present the methodology and techniques on which the research is based on, highlighting the calculation of the touristic competitiveness indicators, and urban, social and environmental development. In the third section, the results refer that-economically-the destinations has reached certain competitiveness, however, the urban, social and environmental indicators in the cities being studied, showed a relative regression on the comparative evaluation of 2000 and 2015.

When a tourism destination reaches maturity and a distinguished position on the international markets, it is necessary to reconsider its development model to maintain the competitivity in the long term. This is the case of Los Cabos, Mexico, where negative impacts are noticed due to the implementation of the same model of development for more than three decades. Severe damages were caused both in the city and on the environment, added to social problems, inequity and infrastructure deficit.The objective of this paper is to analyse and assess the problems in tourism management and planning of the site through a predictive-descriptive model of Los Cabos´ life cycle, and to raise some proposals for a redesigning of the actual model with the participation of all actors involved in the local development.This research is based on the methodology for key strategies of action for local development and the multivariate analysis applied to local development with sustainable tourism approach. The empirical part of the study consists of questionnaires to businesses and other main actors of tourism development in Los Cabos.The results of the research show that the variables: technological innovation, competitivity and business cooperation are directly related to the new development model design for this tourism site. To mainstream them into the processes of planning and management will foster the long-term competitivity and the sustainable local development in Los Cabos.

Since the early eighties, tourism has become the dominant axis of economic development in the city of Cabo San Lucas. The aim of this paper is to develop an analytical framework to assess the impact of tourism on the local sustainable development of Cabo San Lucas. The methodology applied is analyticaldescriptive, based on economic, social, demographic, and urban infrastructure variables. The temporary evaluation corresponds to the period 1990-2015. The quantitative analysis is complemented by qualitative information obtained from focus groups (group approach) to identify the valuation of local tourism performance by main stake-holders in the area.The results allow to identify a number of imbalances and deficits currently affecting the city; for example, the accelerated process of immigration, coupled with an urban sprawl, promotes important lags in urban and social infrastructure. At the same time, the lack of a diversified productive base, capable of providing alternative employment and income, is generating excessive pressure on natural resources for tourism, which alienates this city from a model for sustainable tourism development.

This paper presents, in terms of biophysical flows within a complex framework, the implications of existing relationships at the intersection between social and natural spheres in the coastal cities of La Paz and Los Cabos, located at the south of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. This zone is of significant geostrategic potential in the Pacific Ocean, particularly on the west coast of the American continent. The paper analyses the metabolic dynamics of these two urban centers during the last twenty years, a period of explosive process of urbanization and demographic growth, driven mainly by a natural scenic and tourist capital. This poses major unresolved challenges in energy, water and food that becomes even greater because these two cities are located within an energetic island, and in an area vulnerable to climatic conditions; fundamentally it is a desert zone with scarce sources of drinking water.Locally, there is no fossil fuel extraction or refinement. The electricity grid supplying these two urban centers is isolated from the mainland, and is virtually dependent on the supply of fossil fuels from outside the peninsula.The dynamics of growth and the demand for resources and services increase every year, and these are supplied almost exclusively by sea transport and distributed through peninsular infrastructure. From a complex integrative approach, risks related to safety, quality of life, health and environmental degradation are of great concern.The conclusions indicate that to move to less risky scenarios requires comprehensive urban planning and management from a complex perspective. Finally, the paper presents some potential transition opportunities, from this dynamic systemic view.