The objective of this work was to locate and quantify, through geotechnologies, areas that are currently used for annual agriculture in the Cerrado biome of Central Brazil, located within the boundaries defined by the homogeneous region of adaptation of wheat cultivars 4 and that present favorable conditions for rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation. The following information layers were crossed: use and coverage of the Cerrado biome, digital elevation model, and water requirement satisfaction index for wheat in the Cerrado biome. In addition, different levels of water stress (low, moderate, and high), risk levels (20, 30, and 40%), available soil water capacities (ASWCs) (35, 55, and 75 mm), cultivar cycles (105, 115, and 125 days), and sowing dates (in February and March) were also considered. A greater favorable area was observed for sowing in early February, and group I of cultivars (105 days) presented the greatest favorable area. Above 800 m altitude, 2.7 million hectares were classified as favorable for the best combination of factors, i.e., sowing on February 5, ASWC of 75 mm, 105-day cycle, 20% risk level, and low and moderate impacts.
As mudanças climáticas ampliam o risco sobre a oferta global de alimentos por afetarem significativamente as condições de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O trigo tem papel preponderante na alimentação humana e animal e é altamente responsivo aos elementos climáticos, sendo então vulnerável à mudança de clima. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de cenários futuros de clima no zoneamento agroclimático da cultura do trigo na região Sul do Brasil. O estudo considerou dois cenários climáticos futuros estabelecidos pelo Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima, centrados no período 2071 - 2100: o A2, ou mais pessimista, e o B2, ou mais otimista, que foram comparados ao cenário Atual (1961 - 1990). O período de cultivo do trigo indicado pelo zoneamento agroclimático será reduzido em toda a região Sul do País, com a temperatura sendo a principal responsável pela limitação do número de decêndios aptos à semeadura. A cultura do trigo terá sua área de semeadura potencial reduzida principalmente no Paraná, em ambos cenários, e no oeste do Rio Grande do Sul somente no pior cenário.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a infl uência da aclimatação, da intensidade de geada e da disponibilidade hídrica sobre os danos causados pela geada em trigo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em telados, com trigo cultivado em vasos. A aclimatação e a incidência de geada foram simuladas em câmaras de crescimento. Os fatores abióticos avaliados foram: regimes de aclimatação (com e sem); gradiente de temperatura (2, -2, -4 e -7°C); e variação de disponibilidade hídrica no solo, antes da geada (9, 6, 3 e 1 dia sem irrigação). Todos os fatores foram avaliados no afi lhamento, alongamento e espigamento das cultivares: BR-18 Terena, mais tolerante à geada; e BRS 194, menos tolerante. As variáveis avaliadas foram: grau de queima de folhas, sete dias após a geada; massa de matéria seca total; e massa de grãos. A aclimatação do trigo, antes da geada, diminuiu os danos provocados antes do espigamento, e resultou em menor queima de folhas e maior rendimento de grãos. A temperatura de -7°C, no espigamento, resultou em falha na produção de grãos de ambas as cultivares; e os prejuízos com geada foram menores nas plantas com nove dias sem irrigação. As condições anteriores à ocorrência de geada têm infl uência sobre os danos provocados por ela.Termos para indexação: Triticum aestivum, aclimatação, congelamento, defi cit hídrico, estádio fenológico. Abiotic factors involved in wheat tolerance to frostAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the infl uence of acclimatization, frost intensity and soil water availability on damage caused by frost on wheat. The experiments were carried out in screen house conditions. The wheat plants were grown in pots. The acclimatization and frost incidence were simulated in a growth chamber. The abiotic factors evaluated were: acclimatization regimes (with and without); temperature gradient (2, -2, -4 and -7°C) and variation of soil water availability prior to frost incidence (9, 6, 3 and 1 day without irrigation). All factors were evaluated at tillering, stem elongation and heading stage on wheat cultivars BR-18 Terena, more tolerant to frost, and BRS 194, less tolerant. The response variables were: degree of leaf scorching symptoms at 7 days after frost; total dry weight; and grain weight. The acclimatization, before frost, decreased the damage caused on wheat heading stage, which resulted in less leaf scorching symptoms and higher grain yield. Temperature of -7°C, at heading stage, resulted in grain set failure in both cultivars; and frost damage was lower in plants with nine days without irrigation. Prevailing conditions before frost infl uence frost damage.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do pH da água das chuvas em Passo Fundo, RS, de 1992 a 2007. A água foi coletada em recipiente de PVC (diâmetro de 10 cm) acoplado a um pluviômetro, e as amostras foram armazenadas em congelador para posterior determinação do pH. A dinâmica do pH da água foi avaliada por meio das médias mensais e anuais do pH, da probabilidade empírica da distribuição dos valores anuais de pH por estação do ano e da frequência relativa acumulada do pH. A água das chuvas incidentes na região de Passo Fundo apresentou pH acima de 5,6, que é o limite para que a chuva seja considerada ácida. A análise do período de 16 anos indicou tendência de redução do pH da água das chuvas em 0,023 ao ano. Nesse período, a redução foi de 6,1 para 5,8. As chuvas foram ligeiramente mais ácidas no verão e na primavera do que no outono e no inverno. Em geral, as chuvas incidentes na região não apresentaram riscos imediatos de acidifi cação ambiental.Termos para indexação: chuva ácida, indicador ambiental, qualidade de água, sustentabilidade. Dynamics of rainfall pH in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of rainfall pH in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, from 1992 to 2007. The rainfall pH was monitored in 50 mL samples collected in a 10-cm diameter PVC tube connected to a rain gauge; samples were then stored in a freezer for later determination of pH. The dynamics of rain water pH was evaluated through the annual and monthly averages of the pH, the empirical probability of pH values distributed over the seasons, and the pH accumulated relative frequency. The rainfall events in Passo Fundo region have pH higher than the critical threshold (pH 5.6) to be considered acid rain. The analysis of a 16-year period showed reduction of the rainfall pH at 0.023 per year. Over that period, the average pH fell from 6.1 to 5.8. The rainfalls were slightly more acidic in the summer and spring than in the autumn and winter. In general, the analysis of rainfall events in the region showed no immediate risk of environmental acidifi cation.
Phenological responses of Brazilian wheat cultivars to vernalization and photoperiodThere was an interaction between photoperiod and cultivar cycle for the first sowing date. For all the cultivars, the cycle was reduced with the increase of the photoperiod. However, for the second and third sowing dates, there was also an interaction between cultivars and vernalization. These variables accelerated the crop cycle, and affected the duration of important subperiods for the composition of yield grain components.
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