The objective of this work was to locate and quantify, through geotechnologies, areas that are currently used for annual agriculture in the Cerrado biome of Central Brazil, located within the boundaries defined by the homogeneous region of adaptation of wheat cultivars 4 and that present favorable conditions for rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation. The following information layers were crossed: use and coverage of the Cerrado biome, digital elevation model, and water requirement satisfaction index for wheat in the Cerrado biome. In addition, different levels of water stress (low, moderate, and high), risk levels (20, 30, and 40%), available soil water capacities (ASWCs) (35, 55, and 75 mm), cultivar cycles (105, 115, and 125 days), and sowing dates (in February and March) were also considered. A greater favorable area was observed for sowing in early February, and group I of cultivars (105 days) presented the greatest favorable area. Above 800 m altitude, 2.7 million hectares were classified as favorable for the best combination of factors, i.e., sowing on February 5, ASWC of 75 mm, 105-day cycle, 20% risk level, and low and moderate impacts.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aclimatação ao frio sobre o dano causado pela geada em diferentes estádios fenológicos de genótipos de canola. Foram realizados cinco experimentos em ambiente controlado, em 2006, 2007 e 2008. Os fatores avaliados foram: genótipos, aclimatação (com; sem), intensidades de geada, estádios de desenvolvimento de plantas, regimes de aclimatação e regimes de geada. As variáveis avaliadas foram: queima de folhas, massa de matéria seca, estatura de plantas, duração de subperíodo, componentes de rendimento e rendimento de grãos. A aclimatação ao frio, antes da geada, resultou em menor queima de folhas e maior massa de matéria seca, em comparação a plantas não aclimatadas. As geadas foram prejudiciais a partir de -6°C no início do ciclo de desenvolvimento, principalmente em plantas não aclimatadas, e a partir de -4ºC na floração, com redução do número de síliquas e do número de grãos por síliqua. A aclimatação após as geadas não contribuiu para a tolerância da canola a esse evento. Geadas consecutivas não acarretaram maior prejuízo à canola. A aclimatação de plantas de canola antes da geada reduz os danos, principalmente quando a geada ocorre no início do desenvolvimento das plantas.Termos para indexação: Brassica napus, estresse térmico, temperatura baixa, tolerância ao frio. Acclimatization to cold and frost-injury in canolaAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of cold acclimatization on frost damage at different phenological stages of canola genotypes. Five experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, in 2006, 2007, and 2008. The evaluated factors were: genotypes, acclimatization (with; without), frost gradient, plant developmental stages, acclimatization regimes and frost regimes. The evaluated variables were: leaf scorching symptoms, dry weight, plant height, length of subperiod, yield components and grain yield. The acclimatization before frost resulted in lesser leaf scorching symptoms and higher dry matter in comparison to plants not acclimated. Frosts were harmful from -6°C in early plant development stage, mainly in nonacclimated plants, and from -4ºC at flowering, reducing the number of pods and the number of grains per pod. Acclimatization after frost did not contribute to the tolerance of canola to frost. Consecutive frosts caused no greater impairment to canola. The canola acclimatization before frost reduces damage caused by it, mainly when the frost occur in the initial plant development stages.

RESUMOCerca de 90% da produção de trigo no Brasil está localizada nos estados do Paraná, do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. Nesses estados, a variabilidade climática é muito expressiva, tornando a produção tritícola uma atividade de risco e fazendo com que o decréscimo da produção e da produtividade de trigo seja objeto de questionamento de grande número de investigadores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da precipitação pluvial, da umidade relativa do ar e de excesso e déficit hídrico do solo no peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. Foram usados dados de experimentos com a cultivar de trigo Embrapa 16, conduzidos durante os anos de 1990 a 1998, em sete locais do Rio Grande do Sul e em quatro locais de Santa Catarina. A análise estatística realizada foi correlação múltipla. Verificou-se que: a) a precipitação pluvial e o excesso hídrico do solo afetaram negativamente o peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos, e a umidade relativa do ar influenciou tanto positiva quanto negativamente essas variáveis; b) o déficit hídrico do solo afetou positivamente o peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos após a maturação fisiológica, isto é, nos dez primeiros dias anteriores à colheita, e negativamente nos demais períodos.trigo; qualidade; meteorologia. Palavras-chave: SUMMARY EFFECTS OF RAINFALL, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND WATER EXCESS AND DEFICIT ON TEST WEIGHT, THOUSAND KERNEL WEIGHT, AND GRAIN YIELD OF WHEAT. About 90% of the wheat production in Brazil is located in Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states. In these states there is a considerable climatic variability and consequently wheat production becomes a risky activity. Therefore, the decrease of wheat production and grain yield has been analyzed by a great number of investigators. This work aimed to verify the influence of rainfall, relative humidity, and water excess and deficit on test weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield of wheat. Data of Embrapa 16 wheat cultivar, obtained during the 1990-98 period, in seven Rio Grande do Sul state locations, and in four in Santa Catarina were used. Statistical analysis used was multiple correlation. It was verified that: a) rainfall and water excess in soil affected negative test weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield of wheat, and relative humidity influenced positively as much as negatively such variables; b) soil water deficit affected positive test weight, thousand kernel weight, and the grain yield of wheat after the physiological maturation, that is, during the first ten days previous to the harvest of the crop, and negative for the other periods.wheat; quality; meteorology. Keywords: -INTRODUÇÃOOs principais problemas climáticos da região tritíco-la sul-brasileira (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e sul do Paraná) são: excesso de umidade relativa do ar, em setembro-outubro, ocorrência de geadas no espigamento, chuvas na colheita e granizo [28].O decréscimo da produção e da produtividade de trigo em razão...

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Improving rainfed wheat cultivation in central Brazil, where the Cerrado biome (Brazilian savanna) is predominant, remains a bottleneck for future increases in domestic wheat production. In the Cerrado, the limited water availability during the wheat-growing season is an obstacle to increase wheat yield. To address this issue, the physiological and molecular drought response of wheat and the environmental conditions of this region must be better understood. In this review, we characterized the impact of drought on rainfed wheat production in the Cerrado. Based on the peculiarities of this environment, we suggest that certain traits should be prioritized in selection. These traits and their molecular basis are important to raise wheat yields in the Cerrado and also to improve food security in Brazil, one of the top wheat-importing countries in the world.